Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Anthracnose black rot caused by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Colletotrichum is one of the most widespread diseases of strawberry, causing a significant damage to industrial plantations. The defeat of strawberry with anthracnose can lead to the loss of more than 80% of the crop. Most of the strawberry varieties intended for industrial cultivation are susceptible to anthracnose black rot in various degree. This study presents the results of PCR analysis of varieties and forms of strawberry (F. × ananassa Duch.) taking into account the Rca2 gene of resistance to anthracnose. Biological objects of research were the cultivars of garden strawberry of various ecological and geographical origin and perspective selective forms of FSBSI �FSC I.V. Michurin� breeding. To assess the allelic state of the Rca2 gene of strawberry stability to anthracnose SCAR marker STS-Rca2_240 was used. The PCR process was monitored by the SSR marker of EMFv020. The article shows the results of DNA analysis of varieties and selected seedlings of strawberry using the Rca2 gene of resistance to anthracnose. Based on the evaluation of the allelic state of the Rca2 gene, the Laetitia strawberry variety is resistant to anthracnose (the supposed genotype Rca2Rca2 or Rca2rca2), which allow us to recommend it for breeding as a promising source of resistance to C. Acutatum Simmonds of the 2nd pathogenic group. The other analyzed genotypes have a recessive homozygous status on the marker STS-Rca2_240 (the supposed genotype Rca2Rca2), which indicates their susceptibility to the causative agent of anthracnose black rot of the 2nd pathogenic group.

Annotation

The paper presents the results of the prospects evaluation for the use of two strawberry varieties as Florence and Belrubi in selection on the fruit size. For breeding in this direction it is necessary to know the features of the inheritance by the given trait and the individual qualities of the studied varieties. The standard parameter for evaluation of the genetic potential of agricultural crop is the coefficient of heritability in broad and narrow meaning, which allows to know the donor potential of the studied forms, based on the additive effect of genetic interactions. The purpose of our research is an evaluation of the donor potential by the average fruit weight of the Florence and Belrubi varieties. In this work we used the programs and methods generally accepted in Russia, as well as the Program of the North Caucasian Center for Breeding of Fruit, Berry, Decorative Flower Crops and Grapes for the Period until 2030. Studies have shown that a distinct additive genetic effect and concomitant donor potential is revealed by the average fruit weight for the Florence variety, which showed in five hybrid selections with its participation the coefficient of heritability in the narrow meaning h2 from 0,73 to 0,84. For the Belrubi variety in the nine hybrid selections with its participation, five selections showed values of the heritability coefficient from 0,04 to 0,46, which indicates the predominance of the non-additive effect of genetic interactions in these vegetative hybrid populations and the benefit of breeding on fruit size in individual cross combinations with the participation of Belrubi. The potential realization possibility of the Belrubi variety in four from nine hybrid selections with its participation of the additive genes effect on the average fruit weight is allow to identify this variety as a genetic source.

Annotation

The short history of berry crop`s collections creation in the branch Maykop Experimental Station of VIR is given. Species and varietal diversity of the genera Fragaria L., Rubus L., Ribes L., Grossularia Mill. is presented. The study of collection samples is carried out according to the generally accepted guidelines in the VIR. Particular attention is paid to plant condition of after wintering, phenological phases, growth and development, yield and quali-ty of berries, field assessment of resistance to hydrothermal stress, diseases and pests. It is shown that berry crops in the foothills of the Republic of Adygea generally overwinter well. The greatest damage is observed in severe and snowy winters, as well as under the influence of late spring frosts. For theoretical ground of some of the reasons for the decline in the yield and quality of berries the article reflects the results of the visual evaluation of plants, and their water exchange in an extremely hot and dry conditions. It was revealed that drought-and heat-resistant samples have increased water-holding capacity of leaves. According to visual observations, the resistance to summer stress factors manifest the thorn free blackberry varieties of Evergreen, Logan, Merton; and raspberry of Hussar, Shuntuk-skaya, Tarusa, Cumberland; black currants of Gracia, Lentyai, Kipiani, Uktus; red currant of Vica, Marmeladny; gooseberry of Besshipny and Houghton. The varieties of strawberry of local selection (Berchet, Kremlevskaya, Maikopskaya Rannya, Nelmes, Persikovaya, Predgornaya, Paryt, Shuntuk-skaya 6) and a number of introduced samples showed the field resistance to the complex of fungal diseases. Practically resistant to spots have the black currants of Delicates, Kipiani, Ladushka, R. americanum Mill. subsp. floridum ; red currant of Azora, Asya, Isumitelnaya, Krasnaya Andreichenko, Marmeladny; gooseberry � Haughton. Among blackberries are allocated: Agavam, Evergreen, Kittatinny, Whitford Thornless; raspberry � Turner, Shuntukskaya 6, Briliantovaya. When growing and compiling breeding programs for the Southern region of Russia, it is necessary to take into account the based characteristics of the studied samples.

Annotation

Downy mildew is one of the most common and harmful diseases of the grapevine, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The disease causes significant damage to the grape harvest and gets worse its quality. One of the most effective methods to control the disease is the cultivation of resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties Vitis vinifera (the basis of the modern high-quality assortment) practically have not the genetic resistance to this disease. Downy mildew resistant genotypes belong to the North American and Asian grape varieties, as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The search for resistance donors and their inclusion in the process of creating the new highly resistant genotypes is an important task of modern breeding and genetics. Today, more than 20 loci of resistance to downy mildew have been identified in the genome of grapes. Rpv12 gene was identified by S. Venuti et al. using QTL analysis. A set of DNA markers associated with the Rpv12 gene was also detected and recommended for DNA-marker breeding. The donor of this resistance gene is wild Vitis amurensis. We conducted a PCR study of the grape genotypes � potential gene carriers, according to their pedigree, using DNA markers (UDV343, UDV360) linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12. The separation of the reaction products was made by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. For DNA-markers testing, DNA of the Kunleany and Zarya Severa varieties was included in the work. According to the literature, the Rpv12 gene is presented in these varieties. Also, the varieties that do not carry the resistance gene (Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) were included in the work as negative controls. Targeted PCR products are identified in the Kunleany and Zarya Severa genotypes, that corresponds to the literature data, as well as in the genotypes Stepnyak and Vostorg.

Annotation

The paper gives the data on microscopic examination of vines of the studied varieties cultivated in various regions as compared with varieties from the vineyards of Closed Join Stocking named after Sh.G. Aliyev, Derbent Region Republic of the Daghestan. Unlike introduced plants, the domestic cultivars possess such hereditary signs as high adaptability, quality and productivity. The highest economic productivity potential can be demonstrated by grapevine varieties and clones in their natural habitats. Introduced clones surpass the analogs, by their adaptive potential, yield capacity and quality indicators of wine products. Productivity analysis for vineyards with different variety grapes expressed through the potential fruiting capacity of the shoots allows to forecast the yield and determine the pruning and loading parameters for the vine bush in order to implement the productive capacity and to obtain the optimum of standard harvest. The suggested approach to determine the potential productivity can be used on other varieties and in the different grape cultivation zones and recommended to optimize the using regime of grape varieties of various types. The fruitfulness ratio val-ues (K1) of the winemaking grape varieties of Pervenetz Magaracha and Tsitronny Magaracha is average1.13, those of table grape varieties of Shokoladny and Podarok Zaporozhya is 0.95. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the average K1 values of the newly introduced varieties (K1 = 1.13) were higher than the K1 value of the control (K1 = 0.91) and were characterized as high; K1 = 0.79 of the table varieties tested are average, while the control variety showed a very high �1 value of 1.28. The maximum K1 values were registered for Pervenets Magaracha winemaking grape variety at the level of the 7th bud (K1 = 1.75) and Khatmi table grapes K1 = 1.86, control � at the level of the 6th bud.

Annotation

Natural conditions of Crimea are favorable for the successful cultivation of a variety of fruit, berry and other crops. In this region, horticulture is one of the priority branches of the agro-industrial complex the main task of which is to provide the population with fruits, berries and their derived products. The most important direction in improving the efficiency of Crimean horticulture is its further intensification using clonal rootstocks, highly productive varieties and technological developments adapted to the conditions of growth. The article presents an overview and results of a long-term study of rootstocks, varieties, their combinations and methods of cultivating the competitive, headed planting material of fruit crops. A new clon-al rootstock K104 was selected and included in the State Register of Selection Achievements Approved for Use, which by force of growth, occupies an intermediate position between M9 and MM106 and does not require the installation of an expensive trellis. Slightly growing clonal rootstocks KA 61, KA 86, KA 53, KA 92 for pear were created, resistant to high content of CaCO3 in the soil (up to 30%). The productivity of these rootstocks in the mother plantation is 20-30 % higher than that of VA 29; in the garden � by 25-30 %. By fast ripening and high yielding, the rootstocks for peach � BBA-1 and Evrika 99 in combination with varieties of Veteran and Redhaven were distinguished. Among the seed rootstocks, GF-305 distinguished itself. Intensive gardening presupposes the mandatory transfer of the industry to a virus-free basis. It is established that the yield capacity of plantings planted the material healthy from the main virus diseases is higher by 25-30 %.

Annotation

Plant defense reaction are produced in response to the perception of the stress factor and one of the earliest responses is the generation of reactive oxygen forms by the plant. This forms cause the for-mation of a secondary stress state in the plants, which activates and intensifies a cascade of signaling events. This leads to the manifestation in the plants of a series of biochemical changes that form a protective answer. Strengthening a number of protective anti-stress reactions is possible through the use of stimulating substances � elicitors, which include the components of the plants themselves, as well as chemicals of pathogens, such as chitosan and exogenous phytohormones. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiarities of the change in the antioxidant response in two grape varieties, contrasting in resistance to mildew, in the process of treatments with inductors of immunity of different directions of action. For the experiment, in vitro plants of contrasting mildew-resistant grape varieties of Muscat Bely (susceptibility 4 points) and Vostopg (susceptibility 1 point) were selected. The non-bearing plants of the first year planting are used. The effect of immunity inducers the development of oxidative stress and antioxidant reactions in grape plants with different resistance to mildew has been studied. It was shown that the reactions of the Muscat Bely varie-ty unstable to the mildew were manifested in some of the used treatments, while the resistant Vostorg variety showed similar reactions to all types of immunity stimulation. This may indicate a great abil-ity to perceive various types of signals and quickly coordinate them to react, which does not lead to oxidative damage of plants.

Annotation

Under the conditions of the Western-foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in the industrial plantations LLC �Gardens of the Foothills�, the effect of foliar top dressing of apple trees by special complex of aminoacids and nutrition saults the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves has been studied. The object of research is an apple-tree on MM106 a rootstock of Idared, Rennet Simirenko, Golden Delishes of 2012 landing. In the beginning of blossoming, the trees were treated with fertilizer containing boron and amino acids. In May, the leaf treatments with an aqueous solution of liquid mineral fertilizers of the composition CaO and N were made. In June, the apple trees were treated with an aqueous solution of special complex mineral fertilizers of N18P18K18 + 2Mg + 1.5S. An analysis of the hydrothermal factors dynamics in the spring-summer period re-vealed a prolonged negative effect the plants of a complex of abiotic stressors. Against this background, the morpho-anatomical structure of leaves treated with aqueous solutions of organic-mineral fertilizers was studied. A significant thickening of the leaf sheet is revealed due to a significant increase in the palisade layer of the leaf mesophyll (from 2.6 to 9.9 %, depending on the variety), containing the main amount of chloroplasts. The size of the leaf sheet increased in 7.1-41.0 %. Spectral analysis of the leaves revealed a significant increase in the number of functional pigments for the all studied apple varieties with the use of foliar top dressing (by 2.1-18.9 %, depending on the variety), which contributed to the enhancement of plant assimilation activity. The content of green pigments correlated with the content of monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) in the leaves: k = 0.56-0.58. The trend continued through all period of study. Thus, the use of apple plants top dressing with organic and mineral fertilizers containing macro-, microelements and a complex of amino acids in a spring-summer period allows you to regulate the intensity of photosynthesis at the anatomical, morphological and physiological levels.

Annotation

Harvesting and processing of white Chardonnay grapes and red grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon grown in the Southern climate condition of the four districts of the Krasnodar territory are done. The agrotechnical data collected from experimental plots (name of farm, square of plot, age of the vineyard, weight of the grape samples). The results of determination of physical-chemical parameters of the examined grape musts and wine products indicate the technological and physiological maturity of grapes. Harvested grapes for study were healthy, with the necessary amount of sugars and acids for the production of high quality dry table wines. The most important value to determine the taste and nutritional qualities of grapes and their suitability for technical processing are sugar and organic acids. The sugar content in the must from Chardonnay grapes ranged from 18,1 to 23.7 g/100 cm3 , from grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon � from 18.8 to 25.2 g/100 cm3. Mass concentration of titratable acids in the experimental wine materials was in the range required by the standard. Almost of all dry wine materials had a high alcohol content � from 11.1 to 14.9 % vol., due to high sugar accumulation in the berries. High values of the given extract (more than 16 g/dm3 for white wines and more than 18 g/dm3 for red wines) were in the whole of wine materials. The high-quality raw materials f or the production of table wines were made using the classic technology, which was confirmed by high organoleptic assessment of wines. The obtained results can be used as the basis for the development of a modern system of quality assessment of wine production in the Russian Federation, as well as assessment of the geographic origin and the season of wine-making.

Annotation

The data of long-term study to research the bioecology of the codling moth, miner mothes and garden leafworms under conditions of weather changes in the Krasnodar Territory are presented. The time of occurrence and development dura-tion of individual stages of vermins are determined, the species composition of the Lepidoptera is founded. The most harmful species of phytophages are identified, on which the construction of protection programs is focused, among which the apple codling moth is most common and harmful. For successful protection from the codling moth, it is necessary to establish the time frame or the appearance of vulnerable stages of its development. Depending on weather conditions, the beginning of fly takes place at 42.7-95.9 º�; mass fly � at 58.9-145.9 º�; the beginning of the release of caterpillars from eggs � at 139.4-201.3 º�. Embryonic development in spring takes place in 9-10 days at a temperature of + 15.4 ... + 20.6 º�; in summer � for 5-7 days at a temperature of + 18.6 ... + 30 º�. The development of caterpillars takes 23-25 days at a temperature of + 18.8 ... + 25.9 º� and 13-18 days � at a temperature of + 21.9 ... +30 º�. It has been established that the mass fly of the codling moth butterflies coincides with the period of egg laying by miner moths, the hatching of caterpillars, the onset of pupation of some garden leafworms, and processing of the orchard against the codling moth provides a reduction in the number of these vermins too. The obtained data allow to theoretically calculate the processing time. To destroy the overwintering caterpillars, before leaving them from the wintering grounds and before penetration into a bud, there treatment of plants with chemical synthetic insecticides or preparations of natural origin. After blossoming of apple tree, it is advisable to carry out the processing using the hormone preparations, which are the most effective and environmentally friendly. It was noted that for successful protection from the codling moth, garden leafworm and miner moths it is necessary to establish the phytophagous population density in the autumn and spring; and the forecast of vermin development taking into account the abundance of the remaining part of the population after wintering.

Annotation

Today, the production of Russian apple juice concentrate from domestic raw material provides the needs of the juice industry no more than 21 %. Restoration of the domestic raw material base of the juice production is the most important task, the solution of which is impossible without expanding the areas under the intensive plantations laid using the specially selected immune or scab-resistant varieties guaranteed for stable production of environmentally safe and inexpensive raw material. Our research was directed to study the suitability of immune and scab-resistant apple varieties and hybrids of the Institute of Breeding Fruit Crops for juice production, the selection among them the best varieties with chemical and technological qualities of fruits prom-ising for cultivation in the raw gardens and using in breeding for high technological qualities of fruits. Apple cultivars of Institute Of Fruit Crop Breeding have been assessed for juice output and quality of natural juice from fruits. When selecting the cultivars for juice production we took into consideration not only juice output but also the contents of soluble dry substances, sum of sugars, titrate acidity and P-active substances. General taste estimation was given to the juice obtained from apple fruits of different dates of maturing. As a result of the long-term breeding work two apple cultivars, Zaryanka and Sokovinka, have been released from the family of Antonovka Krasnobochka x SR 0523 for juice production. Zaryanka has been included in the State Register of Breed-ing Achievements Admitted for Use (regionalized) and Sokovinka is suggested for state testing. These cultivars exceed control Antonovka Obyknovennaya in juice output and taste marking of juice, according to our experiments.

Annotation

An increase in the volumes of the apple production led to the need the perfection of the processing technology for beverages, including ciders (fruit wines). Previously adapted technology of the fruit wines production did not ensure the economical utilization of raw resources, it was labor-consuming and energy-consuming, and the wines produced were inclined to the dimness. The main obstacle in the solution of fruit wines stability problems is the presence in the raw material composition of the high-molecular polymers, such as protopectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and also protein and phenol substances. Our study the composition of the high-molecular substances of apple fruit wines demonstrate the predominance of the polysaccharides, including the pectic substances, which influence greater the yield of juice during processing of apples and provide the stability of ciders. Close concentrations of both forms of pectic substances are observed all period of studying. The greatest quantity of pectic substances are revealed in the apples of Renet Simirenko, Korea, Florina. Also significant quantity of undissolved protopectin was found in the apples of Idared, Korea, Florina, Jonathan and, especially, Renet Simirenko. It speaks about the need to use the fermentation preparations of pectolitic or complex action for the destruction of the same pectic substances to the galacturonic acids and the complex compounds. It is shown that the introduction of fermentation preparations ensured the hydrolysis of high-molecular polysaccharides in the fermented juices of all apple types studied. The most effective were the fermentation preparations of fruktocim M and P group. The technology of the fruit wines stabilization is developed. Its essence consists in the fact that due to the maximal removal of the components, which cause colloidal and other dimness at the early stage of technological process, exactly during working of juice and its fermentation, the basic prerequisites for the production of stable wine are ensured.

Annotation

Quality of extract is one of the most important indicator of the wines of different types. Its content in the wine depends on the grape components and the products of the wine yeast vital activity. The concentration of the extractive grape components depends on the variety, the conditions of its growth and agrotechnology of cultivation. It is established a change in the mass concentration of extractive substances and testing estimation of white and red table wine materials depending on the soil maintenance, the load of grape bushes by harvest, the application of antitranspirants, the exposure of slopes and parts of the bunches used for wine materials. It is shown in our research that for Chardon grapes the turfing of soil in the comparison with the control ��black vapor soil� � a quantity of the extract was lowered on 12-15 %, with processing of grapes by antitranspirant � on 12 %, with the cultivation of grapes only on the Southern slope � on 9 %. In wine material from the Cabernet-Sovinon grapes the index of the extract increased both with soil turfing (by 1,1-1,4 time) and with a change in the load (by 1,1-1,2 times). This index was also higher on the Southern slopes, than that for the control version and for the Northern slopes (26,1 mg/dm3 against 23,1 mg/dm3). For the testing estimation of Chardon wine material the greatest positive influence was shown in the case of grapes processing by Vapor Gard antitranspirant as well the increase in the load of bush. The soil turfing led to an increase in wine material acidity and reduction in its testing estimation. The use of soil turfing, and Vapor Gard antitranspirant as well as the arrangement of bushes on the Southern slope led to an improvement in the organoleptic mer-its of wine materials from Cabernet-Sovinon grapes.

Annotation

At the �Magarach� Institute, together with industry experts, studies were conducted to clarify the requirements for the assortment and quality of grapes, wine materials and finished products, as well as to improve the technology of muscat sparkling wines. It was shown that for the production of Muscat sparkling wines, it is possible to use the new grape varieties selected by the Magarach Institute, and the resulting wines, correspopond to certain conditions, are similar in quality to Muscat sparkling wines from Muscat Bely. To assess the typicality of the aromatic complex of sparkling wines produced, including us-ing the new grape varieties with muscat aroma, it is necessary to quantify the influence of the production method the accumulation and preservation of terpene spirits in the sparkling wines. In the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea the peculiarities of accumulation of terpene alcohols (terpenes) in the sparkling wines from Muscat Bely and Aligote Muscat grapes depending on the method of their production are studied. It was found that the average content of terpenes in the sparkling wines prepared from the breeding variety of Aligote Muscat was higher than that in the control samples of sparkling wines from the Muscat Bely. When comparing the different technological schemes of Muscat sparkling wines production it have been found that the most perceptible Muscat tone is revealed in the sparkling wines, for the preparation of which instead liquor the must from grapes of the same varieties was used. Slightly weaker Muscat tone was observed in sparkling wines made from no ending fermented grape must. Based on the results of research in order to preserve the Muscat tone, it is recommended in the production of Muscat sparkling wines to reduce the aging period of champagne process of wine by yeast and to use for secondary fermentation or fresh must from grapes of Muscat varieties, or liquor prepared on the basis of wine materials from Muscat varieties.

Annotation

The problem of using the grape pomaces from grape varieties of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon is discussed in the article. Experiments on extraction of biologically active substances and anthocyanins from sweet and fermented pomace by water and solutions of hydrochloric acid have been carried out. Data on the qualitative and quantitative composition of extracts of grape pomace were obtained. It was established that the content of acetic acid should be considered as the determining criterion for the quality of extracts from the pomace of red grapes. For the quality of the fermented pomace, also the ethanol content has a certain value. Extraction of extractive substances of various classes, and especially of potassium, magnesium, calcium, tartaric acid, significantly increases when using an acidic medium during extraction of sweet or fermented pomace. The applicability of the proposed extraction method for dry pomace is evaluated. The obtained results of the research confirm the possibility of using grape pomace of red grape varieties as a raw material for obtaining an extract enriched with various biologically valuable components. It is recommended to concentrate water extracts obtained from fermented grape pomace in order to ensure their stability. Extracts did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration limit for toxic metals. The extracts obtained had a saturated red color in a slightly acidic medium, which suggests their use as a corrective natural dye in the technology of functional or non-alcoholic beverages.