Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Nowadays, working with genetic resources, one of the main task is to study the samples of the collection on a complex of economically valuable traits in order to identify sources for breeding, the best varieties for production and for the most effective use of grape gene pool in scientific programs. The results of a 25-year study at the Don ampelographic Y.I. Potapenko collection are presented. 10 grapevine varieties of Vitis vinifera L. species were studied: Galan, Senso, Desertniy, Zhemchug Saba, Caramol, Shassla Belaya (table varieties); Riesling Reinskiy, Krasnostop Zolotovskiy, Cabernet Sauvignon and Rkatsiteli (wine varieties). The data of phenological and meteorological observations, crop yield and conditions of grape are presented. In terms of crop yield the best varieties were Galan (12,7 t/ha), Senso (11,7 t/ha) and Dessertniy (11,6 t/ha). Cabernet Sauvignon (6,9 t/ha) had the highest crop yield among wine varieties. Varieties with the highest sugar content in berry juice were Krasnostop Zolotovsky (22,4 g/100 cm3, with a maximum in 2007 � 28,2 g/100 cm3), Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling Reinskiy (19,3 g/100 cm3). Among table grades, Desertniy variety stood out for its sugar content (19,1 g/100 cm3, with a maximum in 2005 � 22,8 g/100 cm3). A long comparative study of grape varieties on the collection under the conditions of moderate continental climate of the Rostov Region allowed to identify the varieties with high adaptive and economically valuable traits for breeding and production. Galan, Senso, Desertniy are recommended for breeding for crop yield, and variety of Krasnostop Zolotovskiy � for breeding to increase sugar accumulation potential.

Annotation

The effects of climate change and their impact on agriculture, including viticulture, have became an actual problem. Typical for Russian viticulture are low-temperature stresses in a winter, excessively high temperatures and an acute deficit of precipitation in summer. The studies were carried out on the Anapa (Anapa) and the Don (Novocherkassk) ampelographic collections, 350 km apart. In the Anapa region, a change in air temperature is accompanied by a change in the beginning of the grape vegetation phases at a later date. In the varieties of the Western European ecological-geographical group, there was a reduction in the period from bud break up to the beginning of flowering: in technical varieties for � 9 days, and in the table varieties � for 2 days. The period from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of ripening of berries was shorten for 3 days for technical varieties and for 6 days for table ones. A similar trend is for technical varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group. A tendency to reduce the period from bud break to the beginning of grape ripening for a period of 5 to 26 days has been found for varieties of Western European and Eastern groups as well as for group of the Black Sea coast. In the �Don� area, the beginning of bud blooming has not changed in only 2 varieties (Muscadel, Plavai), in other varieties it occurs 1-4 days earlier. The beginning of flowering did not change for Galan variety, but for Aligote variety it became 2 days later, in all other studied varieties this process began earlier up to 7 days. The duration of the period from the beginning of bud blooming to flowering in 3 varieties did not change, in 6 varieties increased in 1-3 days, for the other 14 varieties � decreased in 1-5 days.

Annotation

Downy mildew is one of the most common and harmful diseases of the grapevine, caused by the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. The disease causes significant damage to the grape harvest and gets worse its quality. One of the most effective methods to control the disease is the cultivation of resistant grape varieties. The grape varieties Vitis vinifera (the basis of the modern high-quality assortment) practically have not the genetic resistance to this disease. Downy mildew resistant genotypes belong to the North American and Asian grape varieties, as well as Muscadinia rotundifolia. The search for resistance donors and their inclusion in the process of creating the new highly resistant genotypes is an important task of modern breeding and genetics. Today, more than 20 loci of resistance to downy mildew have been identified in the genome of grapes. Rpv12 gene was identified by S. Venuti et al. using QTL analysis. A set of DNA markers associated with the Rpv12 gene was also detected and recommended for DNA-marker breeding. The donor of this resistance gene is wild Vitis amurensis. We conducted a PCR study of the grape genotypes � potential gene carriers, according to their pedigree, using DNA markers (UDV343, UDV360) linked to the downy mildew resistance gene Rpv12. The separation of the reaction products was made by capillary electrophoresis using an automatic ABI Prism 3130 genetic analyzer. For DNA-markers testing, DNA of the Kunleany and Zarya Severa varieties was included in the work. According to the literature, the Rpv12 gene is presented in these varieties. Also, the varieties that do not carry the resistance gene (Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) were included in the work as negative controls. Targeted PCR products are identified in the Kunleany and Zarya Severa genotypes, that corresponds to the literature data, as well as in the genotypes Stepnyak and Vostorg.

Annotation

The research was carried out in 1991-2021 at the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov region). The object of the study was the technical white-berry grapevine variety Grushevsky belyj, bred by ARRIV&W � Branch of the FSBSI FRARC. The variety is a complex interspecific hybrid by origin. The study was carried out using generally accepted in viticulture methods and National Standards. The variety was studied in an uncovered, grafted culture on the Kober 5BB rootstock. Planting scheme was 3.0 x 1.5 m. According to data of observations for 31 years, the variety had 80 % of blossoming buds, 82.5 % of fruiting shoots, the fruitfulness coefficient was 1.3, the average mass of the bunch was 209 g, the estimated yield capacity was 138.5 c/ha. Yield conditions: sugar content of berry juice 19.5 g/100 cm3 with titratable acidity of 10 g/dm3 . The variety endured well the harsh winter of 2005-2006, when the minimum air temperature dropped to minus 28 �C. The variety had 65 % of blossoming buds, 79 % of fruiting shoots, the yield capacity was 49 c/ha. In the laboratory of wine-making technology, dry white table wine was prepared from the variety. At the wine tasting, it received an assessment of 8.4 points (on a 10-point scale, a passing score of 8.2). The wine was clear, light straw color, with a good varietal aroma. The taste was fresh and slightly simple in composition. Long-term study of the variety Grushevsky belyj in the Lower Don region showed that it has high winter hardiness (up to minus 28 ºC), tolerance to powdery mildew, stable yield (even in years with critical winter temperatures), therefore it can be recommended for cultivation in non-covered culture, and for inclusion in breeding programs for complex sustainability.

Annotation

The paper presents the results of the study of uvological indicators of table grape varieties carried out in 2017-2019 on the Don ampelographic collection named after Ya.I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk, Rostov Region). The varieties were studied in grafted culture on the rootstock of Berlandieri × Riparia Kober 5BB. Planting scheme was 3.0 × 1.5 m, non-watering culture. The study of grape varieties was carried out using generally accepted methods in viticulture and State Standards. At the tasting of fresh berries, 64 varieties were presented from the collection, 9 of them were seedless. Measurements of bunches and berries were made, the average weight of berries and crop conditions were determined (sugar content of berry juice and titrated acidity), and varieties were ranked according to these indicators. The largest bunches were in the grape varieties of Valentine, Oktyabrenok, Muscat Derbentskiy, Zarya Nesvetaya, Aku-Aku (the length of the bunch is 24 sm or more). Methods for the quality assessing of table grapes are based on subjective analysis, and on instrumental measurements that correlate with organoleptic properties and can be used as predictors of consumer acceptability. The highest average weight of the berry was in the grape varieties of Valentina (11.5 g), Marshalsky (8.3 g), Nadezhda AZOS, Rusmol (8.1 g), Bart (7.9 g), Cardinal Ustoychiviy (7.4 g), Black Rose (7.1 g), Zarya Nesvetaya (7.0 g). According to the research, a number of table varieties stand out due to a set of morphological (tasting evaluation of fresh grapes, size of buncheas and berries, berry weight, crop conditions): Valentina, Pamyati Negrulya, Nadezhda AZOS as well as the seedless grapes of Kishmish Luchistiy, Sublima Seedless, Arsenevsky.