Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
The article presents an overview of the results of research on profiling the valuable chemical composition of cornel, sea buckthorn, aronia, viburnum, hawthorn, honeysuckle, rosehip, elderberry, blueberry. The high content of biologically active substances in fruits was noted: vitamins C, group B, provitamins, a diverse composition of substances of polyphenolic nature, organic acids, microelements, phytoncides. The world experience of clinical trials confirming the beneficial properties of the fruits of the examined crops in the treatment and prevention of various ailments of human health is reflected. The research works on the influence of phytonutrients in the fight against diabetes, liver diseases, oncological diseases of the food tract, with various inflammatory processes: osteoarthritis, atopic dermatitis are analyzed. Many studies have been devoted to the therapeutic significance of the vitamin composition of cornel, sea buckthorn, aronia, viburnum, hawthorn, honeysuckle, blueberry, which are gaining popularity among farmers, rosehip, elderberry fruits. The fruits of these crops have a unique antioxidant complex that has a radioprotective effect on the radicals of harmful substances accumulating in the body of a modern person. It is noted, first of all, the synergistic effect of substances of polyphenolic nature, the presence of which is inherent in all fruit and berry crops considered in the review, and playing a huge role in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system. The assessment of fruits and berries as an indispensable component of a healthy diet is given, since the human body is not able to synthesize the necessary complex of anti-oxidizing substances, the source of which are plants. The possibility of getting the objects in question into the formal, but fashionable marketing superfood lists is evaluated. Attention is paid to research in the field of studying the biochemical composition and properties of fruit and berry raw materials in the development of recipes for therapeutic products in the laboratory of storage and processing of fruits and berries of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW.
Determining the relationship between the origin of a grape variety and its geographical growth is one of the aspects of clarifying the concepts of autochthon and aboriginal. The autochthon not only preserves its genotype and purity of origin, but also conveys in color, smell, taste the features of the soil, climate and area where the crop was grown, it most fully includes the well-known macro, micro and other healing elements inherentonly in this climatic zone, in which he is recognized as autochthon. The relevance and scientific interest of the article lies in the proposed algorithm for the development of a controlled list of autochthones of the established geographical area. The purpose of the development is to identify grape varieties that can be appropriately attributed to the autochthones of a particular agroterritory. It is expedient to study the grape varieties included in the developed list of autochthones as a source of raw materials for the creation of proactive functional products, with their unique nutrient composition, in demand, taking into account the declared classification of the human condition, with existing signs of health deviation. The proposed methods for classifying grape varieties differ from the generally accepted ones in that they use actual data on the timing of the start of cultivation, the area occupied and the gross harvest of grapes in the area with an assessment of the zoning of the agroterritory according to edaphoclimatic factors and the biological characteristics of cultivated grape varieties. Information from the State Register of Breeding Achievements is taken into account, according to which the declared variety can be included in the controlled list of autochthons of this particular climatic zone. The variety of scientific material and current regulations used in the study determined the basic principles for the development of a controlled list of autochthonous grape varieties traditionally cultivated in geographical areas with a unique climate, within the borders of the Russian state.
The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the South-coast zone of Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula are analyzed. The following climatic indices describing the conditions of vegetation and ripening of grapes are calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the Winkler and Huglin indices, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC and 10 ºC, the average air temperature during the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the amount of precipitation per year and during the growing season. Agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grape cultivation are also analyzed: the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, the average of the absolute minima of air temperature. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory was constructed. The distribution of territories in the Southern coast of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea, 15 ampeloecotopes were identified, including: on the territory of the city district of Alushta 7, the city district of Sudak 11, the city district of Feodosia 8, the city district of Yalta 5. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine-making products on agroecological factors, recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the Southern coast of Crimea were developed.
The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators over a 38-year period in the complex relief of the North Caucasus on the example of the specific conditions of the mountains and foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in three horticultural zones Steppe, Foothill and Mountain-Steppe. Temperature conditions are divided into two periods 1985-2000 and 2001-2022, in order to identify patterns in the manifestation of the genotype in the phenotype under conditions of climate fluctuations. Research data confirm that the climate of the region is undergoing certain changes under the influence of global climatic processes that are currently taking place. The paper presents an analysis of the genotype-environment interaction on the example of pear varieties of different ripening periods and different frost resistance in Kabardino-Balkaria. The requirements of pear varieties by phases of their development to the dynamics of limiting environmental factors in the winter-spring period have been studied. An assessment of the corresponding requirements of varieties to growing conditions is given. Monitoring of changes in the passage of developmental phases (variability of phase lengths) is shown. Graphical models of the most vulnerable periods of the onset of critical temperature stresses in the winter-spring period have been developed for various pear varieties in different horticultural zones of Kabardino-Balkaria. The presented new knowledge about the protective and adaptive reactions of varieties for each phase of development will make it possible to manage not only the productivity of varieties as a whole (integral indicator), but also the production process, which will ensure an increase in yield capacity by at least 70-80 %. New solutions are proposed to identify genetically determined reserves in the analyzed pear varieties in order to use them in further breeding.
The article reveals the main factors and moments that characterize the develop-ment of viticulture in the Gudermessky district of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR in the 80s of the XX century. It is emphasized that this area is more suitable for viticulture than the "old" areas Naursky, Shelkovskoy and Nadterechny. In confirmation, emphasis is placed on more favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, the possibility of introducing a non-covering and semi-covering grape culture, a higher adaptability of the population to the industry, due to the proximity to the Khasavyurtovsky District, where the population was engaged in viticulture much earlier. It was found that by the mid-1980s 8 specialized farms (wine collective farms) operated in the district, which are part of the production and collective farm association "Checheningushvino". The area of vineyards was systematically growing, the wine collective farms achieved high results in terms of gross production of grapes and grape yield capacity. A special place was given to securing vineyards for mobile groups of wine-growers (family contract) and tenants. The culture of grapes in the region occupied a prestigious place among other branches of the agro-industrial complex. It was especially noted that the processes of intensification of production were launched. High-value grape varieties with increased frost resistance were tested, allowing them to switch to a non-covering crop; the bushes were transferred to more advanced pruning, which were distinguished by a greater capacity in terms of load with shoots, etc. After the release of the Anti-Alcohol Decree and subsequent negative processes that led to the collapse of the country (and to military operations in Chechnya), the industry began to curtail. However, the experience accumulated by generations of growing grapes finds its application.