Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
The development of fruit growing at the present stage largely depends on the degree of consideration of ecological and climatic conditions in the process of fruit plants cultivation. The success of the cultivation of fruit crops, including apricots, is mainly influenced by climatic and, first of all, meteorological conditions of the winter-spring period. The analysis of the state of land, natural resources, agrometeorological conditions in relation to a particular culture, taking into account a large number of factors in their relationship and influence is carried out. According to long-term data, in April in the Foothill zone of the KBR, negative temperatures are often observed, especially in the last 10 years. During the period of growth and development of plants (May - early June) and active growth of shoots (June), high temperatures and insufficient moisture supply are stressful, the amplitude of fluctuations in recent years has shown a growing trend. Abnormal temperature jumps, Both in the positive direction and in the negative direction, increase over the years (periods of abnormal weather increase). Apricot is considered the most drought-resistant crop and grows successfully in the zone of unstable moisture and can be cultivated without irrigation. It is noted that excess water in the soil is also harmful to fruit plants, as well as its lack. It has been established that excess moisture in the soil has a more negative effect on plant development than lack of moisture. A systematic analysis of the biological characteristics of apricot and other characteristics (especially yield) with the requirements for environmental conditions and the realities of emerging agrometeorological conditions are shown in this paper by fragments of the matrix correlation.
It is present the results of the study of the content of macroand micronutrients in apricot fruits of Krasnoschekiy, Uzden, Uncukulskiy pozdniy, Honobah and Shalakh varieties, grown in the unique natural conditions of Dagestan on the plain, in the foothills and in the mountain river valley. The purpose of the research is to determine the varieties of apricots that are most capable to synthesize the valuable components of the chemical composition in fruits and to identify fruit zones of the ecological optimum for their cultivation in Daghestan. The elemental composition of apricot fruits was studied by flame and atomic absorption photometry, the content of sugars, titrated acids, pectins and vitamin C titrimetric, phenols and vitamin P colorimetric. The detected differences in the chemical composition, depending on the genetics of the apricot variety, made it possible to objectively assess their nutritional merits. The local variety of Honobah held the championship in the mass concentration of sugars (12.5 g/100 cm3 ), ascorbic acid (29.3 mg %) and vitamin P (71.7 mg %). The best ability to accumulate titrated acids (1.91%) and pectin substances (1.03%) was distinguished by the Uncukulskiy Pozdniy variety. A significant amount of phenolic substances (123.7 mg%) was determined in the Uzden variety. The introduced variety of Shalah showed the best ability to accumulate almost all mineral substances identified in the fruits. It was revealed that on the plain the natural factors cause a high concentration in apricots of sugars 8.7-12.5 g/100 cm3 and minerals: potassium (258.9- 377.5 mg%), calcium (28.2-42.8 mg%), sodium (30.3-54.7 mg %), magnesium (39.3-61.4 mg %) and iodine (0.7-1.2 μg%). In the foothills and mountain-valley area the conditions are more favorable for the synthesis of vitamins C and P 13.9-29.3; 49.3-71.7 mg %, titrated acids 1.29-1.91%, pectins 0.68-1.03 %, phenolic substances 79.5-123.7 mg %, high concentration of trace elements: zinc (47.8-77.3 μg%), copper (106.1-146.0 μg%) and iron 399.7-568.1μg%). Such studies are important for the effective use of the resource potential of fruit zones located at different altitudes above sea level and for the production of new products from apricots with high concentrations of macroand micronutrients.
The article presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. The work on the complex agro-ecological territorial zoning, including a wide range of orographic, edaphic and climatic indicators, is the basis for terroir viticulture and winemaking. The climatic conditions for growing grapes have a great influence the crop quality, and as a result determine the direction of its use. The SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations at 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol during 1985-2019 were used as study objects. To identify the objective laws of spatial distribution of agro-climatic indices characterizing the grape ripening period, we prepared a network of 15 reference points coinciding with the location of meteorological stations and a long series of observations. To model the spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September, three mathematical models were used, including the authorial one. The data of the WorldClim 2.0 model was adjusted by adding an error correction of 0.67 to the results of calculation, which slightly increased the modeling accuracy. A multivariate model was also compiled, taking into account the geographical latitude of the terrain and the absolute height above sea level. Based on the results obtained, a digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the mean monthly air temperature in September on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was developed. We mapped out 5 zones according to the mean monthly air temperature in September. Using of these models in GIS makes it possible to computerize the analysis of amenity of a territory for growing grapes.
Locating of vineyards is based on the principle of adapting the commercial grape assortment to agroclimatic and soil resources of a particular cultivation region, taking into account special cultivation technologies, satisfying the selected direction of using the grown crops. The work presents the results of analysis of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, as one of the most important agroclimatic indices characterizing the ripening period of grapes. The SRTM-3 digital terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term data of meteorological observations in 17 meteorological stations of Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2019 were used as materials. To identify the patterns of spatial distribution of the analyzed index, a network of 15 control points, coinciding with the location of meteorological stations, armed with long series of observations, was created. Using GIS technologies, for each control point we calculated the values of agroecological factors that can affect spatial variation of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC: absolute height above sea level, exposure and slope steepness, latitude, distance to the sea or other large water reservoir. Furthermore, for the analyzed index, several mathematical models were selected. They were compared with each other in terms of the error between the calculated and actual data in the control points. The coefficients were adjusted for every model to minimize errors. Based on the results of comparison, the most accurate model was selected to be used in generating a digital map of spatial distribution of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC. Digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of the indicator on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula was compiled and 6 zones were identified basing on the obtained results. The resulting findings are intended to optimize the locating of commercial vineyards and increase the efficiency of production on the back of sustainable use of natural resources.
The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term studies of the dynamics of the main climatic indexes over the past 35 years in the conditions of the foothill fruit zone of horticulture of the KabardinoBalkar Republic. Research data confirm that the climate of the region undergoes certain changes under the influence of global climate processes. It is established that changes in the local climate coincide with the nature and direction of general planetary problems. It is shown that changes in weather and climatic conditions over the past decades have led to the loss of many varieties their economic and biological value, which makes it necessary to carefully and comprehensively study the reaction of varieties to changing environmental conditions. The increase in the average annual temperature over the last decade by more than 1.5 ºC, and in the winter-spring period by almost 3 ºC is a sharp and significant increase. All this leads to an increase in the frequency and harmfulness of abiotic and biotic stresses in trees. Temperature drops in the autumn period have become more frequent, winters have become mild with prolonged thaws and returning cold, frosts have become stronger and more frequent, prolonged droughts, incessant heavy rainfalls, hailstorms or a combination of similar phenomena. The absence of adaptive varieties in the apple and pear assortment, which have a complex of economically valuable characteristics and properties, leads to a reduction in production yields, loss of quality of fruit products. In this regard, it is of paramount importance to study in detail the impact of global warming on the regional climate and its consequences for fruit crops. This studies are intended to assist dedicated experts in making forecasts about the future susceptibility of agriculture to climate change.