Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
Phenological observations of plants varieties development in the various zones of cultivation have a great scientific and practical significance and are an indispensable element of industrial and biological study of grapes varieties. The purpose of this work is to reveal the peculiarities of the passage of phenophases by Crimean autochthonous grapes varieties in the conditions of the mountain-valley Crimea. The article presents the results of observations and study of the main phe-nological phases of 11 varieties of Crimean grapes with black berries and white berries under the soil and climatic conditions of LLC "Solnechnaya Dolina". As a control, Rkatsiteli and Cabernet Sauvignon are taken. The earliest blossoming of buds among black grapes varieties was noted for Crohna variety 23.04. Among varieties with white berries, the early date of budding is established for the Sary Pandas variety 22.04. Among the varieties with black berries t he Crohna blossomed early of all (03.06), among the white-flowered varieties the earliest bloom was found for the varieties of Sary Pandas and Kok Pandas (04.06). The results of three-year studying show that, with an average spread of 5 to 8 days, the average flowering of the grapes plants is within seven days. There is an equal period from the beginning of bud blossoming to the beginning of flowering (43-45 days), and only for the control variety of Cabernet Sauvignon it reaches 46 days. It has been established that the grapes varieties studied for the duration of the growing season (from the beginning of bud budding to industrial fruit fullness) are medium-late (147-155 days). The sum of the active tem-peratures at this stage of plant development is 578-638 C.
Effective realization of the grapes biological potential is possible when it placing on the territory the most fully meets the requirements of the variety biology. Solving the problem of optimal territorial placement of grapes can not only increase the productivity of plantations, but also reduce energy consumption and the cost of production and improve its competitiveness. The optimal placement and zonal specialization of vines in local climate change is an urgent research area and the main condition for stable viticulture. We carried out the work for agroecological zoning of the Krasnodar Territory, taking into account the main natural factors that affect the development and growth of the grape plant. On the soil map of the Krasnodar Territory was allocated to 5 of the soil zones with one or more relatives zonal soil types. Digital isothermal maps of average annual, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as heat supply map (sum of active temperatures) and precipitation were compiled for zoning of the territory according to agro-climatic parameters. As a result of this work, an agroecological map of zoning of the Krasnodar Territory for the cultivation of grapes was created. 5 zones and 47 subzones for placement and effective cultivation of grapes are allocated, the ranges of soil and climatic parameters of each zone are established. The placement of grape plantations taking into account the results of the territory zoning can improve the efficiency of use of soil and climatic resources in the production grape process; to increase the productivity of plantings; to improve the quality of production; to prolong the productive life of plantings; to reduce the prime cost of production and to increase in competitiveness of domestic viticulture.
The paper analyzes the temperature conditions limiting the industrial grapes formation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. Research covers soil and climatic indices, such as: soil type, the sum of active temperatures and average mean of the absolute air temperature minima, as well as grape varieties of various ripening periods. With the help of the geographic information software ArcGis, a digital complex multiple factor cartographic spatial distribution model of the main agroecological factors limiting the industrial viticulture has been developed. The territory under study was classified as to the appropriateness of its agroecological factors for cultivation of various groups of grape varieties. Based on the classification of the cultivation appropriateness for different groups of grape varieties, the territory of the Crimean peninsula was divided into 14 ecotopes with indication of the area distribution (13 by climatic characteristics and 1 by unfavorable soil conditions). Guided by the principle of guaranteed high quality harvests, the recommendations were developed on the varietal composition of grapes for each ecotope. The obtained data demonstrated that the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea and the coastal zones of the western and eastern parts of the peninsula (the first and second ecotopes) were the most favourable regions in terms of heat supply and frost hazard for cultivation of industrial grapes. These findings make it possible to recom-mend the cultivation of grape varieties from the very early to late ripening period that are characterized by weak, medium and high frost resistance. Industrial grapes cultivation on the territory of the thirteenth and fourteenth ecotopes is not cost-efficient. The terrain of the thirteenth ecotope is not suitable for the development of grapes due to unfavorable temperature conditions. In the area of the fourteenth ecotope, unfavorable soil conditions have developed limiting the effective cultivation of grapes.
The paper gives the data on microscopic examination of vines of the studied varieties cultivated in various regions as compared with varieties from the vineyards of Closed Join Stocking named after Sh.G. Aliyev, Derbent Region Republic of the Daghestan. Unlike introduced plants, the domestic cultivars possess such hereditary signs as high adaptability, quality and productivity. The highest economic productivity potential can be demonstrated by grapevine varieties and clones in their natural habitats. Introduced clones surpass the analogs, by their adaptive potential, yield capacity and quality indicators of wine products. Productivity analysis for vineyards with different variety grapes expressed through the potential fruiting capacity of the shoots allows to forecast the yield and determine the pruning and loading parameters for the vine bush in order to implement the productive capacity and to obtain the optimum of standard harvest. The suggested approach to determine the potential productivity can be used on other varieties and in the different grape cultivation zones and recommended to optimize the using regime of grape varieties of various types. The fruitfulness ratio val-ues (K1) of the winemaking grape varieties of Pervenetz Magaracha and Tsitronny Magaracha is average1.13, those of table grape varieties of Shokoladny and Podarok Zaporozhya is 0.95. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the average K1 values of the newly introduced varieties (K1 = 1.13) were higher than the K1 value of the control (K1 = 0.91) and were characterized as high; K1 = 0.79 of the table varieties tested are average, while the control variety showed a very high 1 value of 1.28. The maximum K1 values were registered for Pervenets Magaracha winemaking grape variety at the level of the 7th bud (K1 = 1.75) and Khatmi table grapes K1 = 1.86, control at the level of the 6th bud.
Agroclimatic conditions have a great influence the efficiency of agricultural crops growing, the yield quality and quantity and the general phytosanitary condition of biocenoses. The Crimean peninsula has the favorable natural conditions for the cultivation of industrial grapes. However, at present, the potential of agroclimatic resources are used, not in full when placing the industrial plantations. Temporal trends in the change of the agro-ecological data have been analyzed in the artocle. Analysis revealed the tendency to enough rapid increase in such indicators as the average annual air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 º. It was established that the annual precipitation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula also demonstrated an upward tendency, however, at a rather low rate; while the frost-threat level expressed as the value of the mean absolute minimum of the air temperature didnt have a clear upward or downward tendency. A cartographic model was developed to allow a long-term forecasting of the spatial distribution of the agro-ecologic resources on the territory of the Crimean peninsula including the data for 2035 and 2050. Based on the data obtained, the climate of the Crimean peninsula has a tendency to warming. At the same time, pre-requisites are being formed to expand the areas suitable for cultivation of late and medium-late ripening grape varieties that require the higher heat provision of the cultivation area. However, it is not possible to speak About expanding the zone boundaries for open-earth cultivation of the grapevine culture, as winter minimums of air temperatures do not demonstrate an upward tendency. It is imperative to keep the obtained data in mind when new vineyards are being established, as, due to temporal ecotope boundary changes, a vineyard planted in the optimal agro-ecologic conditions can over time turn to be on the territory of an ecotope that does not meet the requirements of a particular grape variety.