Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
The article considers the relevance of creating an electronic database of quality indicators of authentic red wines produced in the Krasnodar region. The database contains information on the physicochemical parameters of high-quality red wines produced in the Krasnodar region, of the following categories: wines with a protected geographical indication (PGI), with the designation of the region of production; wines with a protected appellation of origin (PAO), indicating the vineyard/small area of production (municipality, rural settlement); wines with the prospect of being registered as wines with PGI or PAO. Information about the producer, the name of the wine, the varietal composition of grapes and the year of harvest is presented. The physicochemical parameters of wines are represented by the mass concentration of inorganic cations (K+ , Na+ , Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl , SO4 2- ) obtained using the method of high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) on the apel 105M device (Russia); microelements (Sr, Rb, Ti) using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy on the Kvant.Z device (Russia); phenolic substances, including anthocyanins using the spectrometry method; as well as chromatic characteristics and their calculated indicators (intensity, shade, yellowness and color coordinates in the CIELab system). The proposed database contains empirical data obtained by scientists of the scientific center "Winemaking" and the Center for Collective Use of High-Tech Equipment of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in 2020-2022. As a result of the research and development of a database of quality indicators of authentic red wines produced in the Krasnodar region, a certificate of state registration No. 2022620910 dated 04.21.2022 was obtained. The database i s intended for the accumulation, operational search, storage and analysis of information, and also creates the basis for the development of a quality control system for wine products with geographical affiliation
The work is devoted to the development of an algorithm for the allocation of terroirs on a given territory, ensuring the yield of grapes with specified qualitative characteristics. It is proposed to use methods of mathematical and geoinformation modeling, digital relief models, long-term meteorological data and soil maps of the analyzed territory. When working with cartographic data, it is proposed to use such methods as vectorization, rasterization, recalculation of rasters, classification and reclassification of rasters, overlay analysis. Agroecological factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of grape quality are identified and methods of their assessment are proposed, taking into account spatial variation under the influence of terrain and other terrain features: sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, average of absolute minima of air t emperature. This set of indicators is recommended to be used for the allocation of object-oriented grape-wine terroirs. Suggestions for using the algorithm to search for territories with specified parameters of soil and climatic conditions are given. The developed algorithm makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the ampeloecological assessment of the area, simplify and automate the process of selecting optimal lands for obtaining a given type of high-quality viticultural and wine products. The algorithm takes into account the features of spatial variation of the analyzed factors and allows you to accurately calculate the value of a factor at a given point, and also implies an integrated approach in assessing a large number of factors most significant for product quality.
MICROZONING OF GRAPE PLANTATIONS ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENCE NORMALIZED INDICES FROM SATELLITE IMAGES
The purpose of the study is to determine the principles for the allocation of microzones of grape plantations according to the normalized indices of satellite images within the framework of the concept of terroir (a set of optimal soil, climatic factors and terrain features for wine varietal indicators). Vineyard microzoning can be carried out according to the physical and chemical composition of the soil, temperature fields, air and soil humidity, terrain morphometry, exposure and slope grade. The use of spectral data on the state of soil, plants, and the environment makes it possible to evaluate the parameters of terroirs by difference normalized indices. In the vineyard, it is possible to distinguish micro-sites with different terroir properties, which is manifested in the growth force of the bushes, their yield capacity and the degree of ripening of the grapes (in terms of sugar, acid and pH) and is reflected in the varietal indicators of the wine. Therefore, multispectral satellite images are an objective basis for assessing and identifying vineyard micro-sites with different terroir properties. Reliable interpretation of spectral satellite images is possible in the presence of reference data on soil indicators, the growth force of bushes according to phenophases, agricultural work carried out in the vineyard and row spacing, soil and air moisture. The joint analysis of satellite and ground data allows not only to reduce the number of route and field surveys and laboratory analyzes, but also to quickly make agro-management decisions on the use of the necessary resources. To solve this problem, it is possible to use open spectral data from the Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7-8 satellite platforms with a frequency of 2 to 5 days. The presence of a direct relationship between soil moisture, leaf area and yield capacity allows to determine the optimal micro-sites of high-quality winemaking for vine plantations of one variety on the basis of normalized vegetation indices NDVI, soil moisture NDMI and others.
Grapevine bleeding is a sign of the grape plant coming out of a dormant state after winter. Despite this, more attention of scientists is focused on budbreak. According to the literature data, grapevine bleeding begins at air temperatures above 0 ºC. The date of the beginning of grapevine bleeding is also affected by soil temperature. The purpose of this work was a more insightful study of the dependence of the date of the beginning of grapevine bleeding on weather conditions: average, maximum and minimum air temperatures, average amplitude of air temperature, total precipitation and the sum of air temperatures above 0 and +5 ºC. The research was carried out according to the phenological data of the Anapa Ampelographic collection and the Anapa weather station for 2003-2020. The equations of multiple regression of the date of the grapevine bleeding of varieties of various ecological and geographical origin and separately of the Western European group are obtained. The coefficients of the paired correlation of the date of the beginning of grapevine bleeding with agrometeorological indicators are determined. The greatest influence is exerted by the average amplitude of air temperatures 10 days before the start of the grapevine bleeding phase a significant pair correlation coefficient was obtained both for varieties as a whole and for groups, with the exception of intraspecific hybrids. The dependence is moderate inverse. Also, the average amplitude of air temperatures 5 days before the start of the grapevine bleeding phase has the inverse effect, but to a lesser extent. A direct weak and very weak connection of the date of the beginning of the grapevine bleeding is noted with average temperatures, the amount of precipitation for the period with temperatures above 0 º and sums of air temperatures above 0 and +5 ºC.
The article presents the results of studies of the degree of favorability of agroecological conditions of the Foothill zone of the Crimea for growing grapes. The long-term data on weather stations of the Crimean peninsula are analyzed. The following climatic indices describing the conditions of vegetation and ripening of grapes are calculated: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the Winkler and Huglin indices, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC and 10 ºC, the average air temperature during the growing season, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, the amount of precipitation per year and during the growing season. Agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of grape cultivation are also analyzed: the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC, the average of the absolute minima of air temperature. With the help of geoinformation modeling, a digital complex map of the spatial distribution of index data on the analyzed territory was constructed. The distribution of territories in the Foothill zone of Crimea that are not subject to the planting of vineyards is analyzed: with unfavorable soil conditions, with a height of more than 600 m above sea level, with a slope of more than 20 degrees, as well as lands of forest and nature reserves. As a result of a comprehensive analysis of agroecological conditions in the territory of the Foothill zone of Crimea, 14 ampeloecotopes were identified, including: in the territory of the Bakhchisarai district 10, Belogorsky district 9, Simferopol district 12. As a result of comparing the agroecological conditions of the selected ampeloecotopes with the requirements of grape varieties for growing conditions, taking into account the dependence of the quality indicators of viticultural and wine-making products on agroecological factors, recommendations on agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry in the Foothill zone of the Crimea were developed.