Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
The analysis of long-term stress conditions of weather and their influence on the valuable stone fruit cultures are given. Adaptive possibility of peach, apricot and nectarine are estimated and promising varieties are allocated.
The evaluation of growth, development and yield capacity of apple pollinators is given. As a result of comparison of periods of blooming some groups of apple pollinators are offered.
The estimation of economical valuable indicators of apple stocks of NCRIH&V breeding is presented in the article. Winter hardiness, indexes of growth, productivity and saplings quality are studied. The most promising rootstocks for arid conditions of the Astrakhan region are identified.
Among infectious diseases of vine the wide spreading fungal pathogens are the most known, including mildew. Vineyards in the Delta of Volga are in a sanitary zone, so the use of pesticides in these plantings is limited. Identification of the most effective fungicides against mildew of new generation, among fungicides allowed for use in this area, was the purpose of our work. The experiences were conducted by techniques of experimental work. Grapes varieties (Osoby ranniy and Rizamat) of early and middle period of maturing were researched. Under the conditions of the Delta of Volga by the results of the conducted research it is established that in the years of epiphytotic mildew development on susceptible of grapes varieties the considerable part of a crop is lost and its quality gets worse. In the years of poor or average mildew development the varieties accurately differ according to their resistance to disease. The Osoby ranniy grapes was more resistant against mildew defeat. The biological efficiency of Ridomil Gold and Meteor fungicides are studied. Each time the Ridomil Gold is used in a dose 2.5 kg/hectare, the Meteor 3,5 kg/hectare. The outlay of working solution is 1000 litre/ hectare. It is proved that in the years with inferable conditions for decease development the efficiency of fungicides is 55-48%. For soil and climatic conditions of the Delta of Volga the most effective scheme of processing of grapes plants by fungicides is offered. This scheme promotes crop's preservation and improvement of berries quality. It is established that double spraying of grapes plants by Ridomil Gold with following double spraying by Meteor preparation lead to 25 % crop increase. At the same time the average mass of bunches and berries are increased.
Grapes varieties are considerably differ on a susceptibility to harmful organisms and protection of plants requires the various frequency rate of application of protection means. Now the much attention is paid to a foundation of plantings of table grapes varieties in the farms and it is expediently to place them rational on the plots for implementation of effective protection of vineyards. The work's purpose is to scientifically justify the principles of placement of table grapes varieties at new squares in the South of Russia. The results of long-term inspections of vineyards of Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. Field resistance of the zoned and perspective grapes varieties to harmful organisms is shown and frequency rate of plants processings by fungicides against causative agents of diseases is given. The influence of quality of a landing material on its survival is noted. The resistance of grapes to harmful organisms was studied in the Anapas Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station and at the Kuban State Agrarian University. The grades of injuriousness of harmful organisms are determined by the standard techniques. Quality of landing material is estimated on external traits, existence of pathogens and survival of plants. It is established that grapes survival depends in strong degree on defeat of saplings by a bacterial cancer. For grapes protection against phytopathogens it is necessary during vegetation to conduct from 1-2 till 10-12 and more processings by fungicides, so it is inexpedient to select to one massif the varieties with various resistance to harmful organisms. The principle of grapes varieties selection for placement to one massif are the terms of maturing and uniform technology of plantings protection from harmful organisms. It is necessary to organise the new plantings by a landing material free from a bacterial cancer.