Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
For each administrative territories of the North Caucasus the criterions of the forecast of repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures are developed early. The simplified system of forecasting of fructification regularity of fruit crops in the South of Russia on limiting factors of winter and spring periods with use of graphic and mathematical models is offered. However, the placement of fruit crops in the South of Russia does not always correspond to climatic conditions, first of all to the winter and spring periods. The purpose of our work is development of meteorological criterions for an assessment of areas of apricot cultivation. Objects of research are meteorological indicators of winter and spring periods in the various administrative regions of the North Caucasus. The research are carried out using a technique of estimation of climatic winter conditions for fruit crops in the Crimea. To resolve the question of fruit crop's placement in the concrete region of the North Caucasus, we defined the repeatability of annual minimum air temperatures. The calculations of their repeatability are presented as nomograms that allow to reveal the structure of average values for the whole entire period of observation. The offered nomograms allow to define the probability of critical minimum temperature in any point of the North Caucasus and to predict a regularity of fruit crop's fruiting according to their overwintering. It is possible to define the probability of fruit crops ruin with use of offered nomograms in any region of the North Caucasus from adverse conditions of winter and spring periods. In this research the probability of ruin of apricot floral buds from sharp temperature fluctuations in January February under conditions of Krasnodar is calculated and the possible frost resistance of apricot plants in this area is defined.
In the last ten years the tendency of reduction of the area of grapes plantings in the Northern Black Sea Coast of Ukraine is observed. One of the reasons of such condition of viticulture is lack of scientific justification at the solution of questions of grapes planting placement. The object of our research is the viticulture and wine-making enterprises of Odessa Region. The expeditionary examinations of grapes plantings of the agricultural enterprises were conducted. The state of viticulture and wine-making production of Ukraine for the last five years (2009-2013) is also studied using the data of State statistics service. The methods of mathematical statistics are used in the work. The state of grapes plantings of Odessa Region is analysed using the indicators of total plantings area of the agricultural enterprises and total yield capacity and productivity, etc. The sharp reduction of the areas in the Ukraine is shown: the area of plantings of table grapes varieties was reduced by 5 thousand hectares (20%), the area of technical varieties was reduced almost by 100 thousand hectare (50%). The total area of grapes plantings of the agricultural enterprises for the last five years was reduced in the Ukraine by 16,4 thousand hectares, including the area of the fructifying plantings decreased by 4,0 thousand hectares. The indicator of total yield capacity of the agricultural enterprises in 2013 increased by 74,1 thousand tons in comparison with an indicator of 2009. At all categories of farms the total yield capacity increased by 106,7 thousand tons. Also the productivity of vineyards increases: in 2013 in the agricultural enterprises it was 70,9 c/hectare (17,6 c/hectare more, than in 2009), and in the farms of all categories it increased on 19,8 c/hectare. The best condition of plantings is noted in the farms of Belgorod-Dniester, Bolgradsky and Ismail areas, the share of perspective plantings in these areas reaches 80%.
The basis of rational distribution of fruit crops is the principle of consistency between their requirements to soil conditions and soil features on specific indicators: the level of salt content, moisture content, mechanical composition, density, and others. In this regard, the study and evaluation of soil and nvironmental conditions using the perspective methods of accounting and systematization of information on specific fruit farms and orchards quarters are very actual. For the territory of Krasnodar Region the content and depth of the carbonate - one of the limiting factors of growth of fruit crops (except apricot) were analyzed. The forecast of optimal placement of fruit crops depending on soil conditions was carried out with the help of geographic information technologies (GIS) based on computer databases spatially coordinated data, coupled with special software and hardware for data entry, storage and multipurpose analysis. On the basis of GIS the computer maps were built, reflecting the soil properties for each indicator were created. As a result of the work it is carried out the systematization of soil and resource data for the Krasnodar Region on the indicators of gardens suitability based on data bases (DB), coupled with the special software and hardware. The results of our work are presented on the example of identifying areas with a high content of CaCO3 in the soil layers at depths of up to 1 m across the region. The computer maps for ecologically accurate and economically viable placement of fruit types on the macrozones in the landscape are created.
The article presents the results of the survey area adjacent to the Veselovsky reservoir. This is an interesting and very complex area, which the previously vineyard science has not paid of proper attention because it is outside the places of traditional viticulture. The territory is viewed with the route passages, studied and analyzed its space photographes. We studied in detail the key plot, research in which was performed in accordance with existing recommendations for assessing the suitability of soils for vineyards. We analyzed the climate, history of the region formation, geomorphology and we assessed the quality of the water in the Veselovsky reservoir and Sadkovskiy canal as a possible source of irrigation. On the various elements of the microrelief the wells are drilled, the soil profiles are laid down and described, the chemical analyzes of soil samples are carried out. Particular attention is paid to salinization and alkalinization of soils as the factors which are associated with major risks when we are assessing the suitability of soils for vineyards. Construction of the reservoir changed the reclamation situation. The most saline areas were flooded. In today's shores the groundwater level has risen, the processes of prairiefication, alinization and alkalinity soils are started. At present, the territory above the average water level in the reservoir which less than 4.0 meters are not suitable for laying of vineyards. The areas are suitable for vineyards located higher. The water quality in the bay Balka Bolshaya Sadkovka for vineyard irrigation purposes is estimated as satisfactory. The mineralization of water in the Sadkovskiy canal is two times lower than that of water in the bay. The use of this water for irrigation of vineyards is preferable.
Republic of North Ossetia a region of mountains with a huge variety of climate, soil and topography. Its natural potential has been used long for growing of fruit crops. But always one of the factors that affect their productiveness, was the low temperature of winter and spring period. At present in connection with climate change a new limiting factors (frequency and amplitude) manifest (in time and space). Response of fruit crops to changes in weather phenomena manifests itself in the form of imbalance of phenological phases of development, since their change the discrepancy between the rhythm of development of plants in phases with a new environment manifests. The analysis of occurrence of absolute minimum temperature in December, January, February and March in various areas of Nortn Ossetia is carried out. Ontogenetic adaptation of peach species to winter-spring temperatures in Republic North Ossetia (on the phases of growth) was studied. It was reviled that temperature conditions for the last 10 years have become more severe and march has become warmer. It was increased the probability of winter damage of generative peach buds out of profound peace, has increased, and the probability of death of future yields from spring frosts has diminished.