Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Resource potential of the agricultural territories
In the article is considered the issue of criteria-based assessment of the suitability of the agricultural territories for grape culture. Conducting zoning of the territory for the purpose of rational environmental management requires an objective and comprehensive assessment of the state of agricultural territories. The complexity and novelty of it lies in the weak development of the scientific and conceptual base of the agroecology of ampelocenoses and the lack of practical experience in different natural and territorial conditions. Since there is no single integral indicator for assessing the agricultural territory in nature, the evaluation criteria are a number of bioindication, spatial and dynamic indicators, and the integral assessment is carried out on the basis of a certain number of the most influential indicators. It is known that the fundamental criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is the compliance of edaphoclimatic factors with the requirements of the biological characteristics of cultivated varieties. Another criterion for the assessment and zoning of agricultural territories is based on the principle of the limiting factor, based on the Laws of the Liebig minimum and the Shelford ecological optimum (tolerance). The criteria limiting the development of grapes on the territory of the Krasnodar region are established, their parameters are determined. Maps of the distribution of heat supply and absolute minimum temperature are compiled, on the basis of which, taking into account soil characteristics, agricultural territories with relatively homogeneous parameters (47 subzones) are identified. The placement of grape varieties taking into account the criteria and parameters of the selected subzones can give such expected effects as increasing the efficiency of the use of edaphoclimatic resources in the production process of grapes; increasing the productivity of plantings; improving product quality; extending the productive life of plantings; reducing the cost of viticulture products; increasing the competitiveness of domestic viticulture.
The aim of the work is to evaluate the economic efficiency of grape production in the southern part of the coastal lowland of Dagestan. To determine the economic efficiency of grape production, the following indicators are taken into account: yield capacity, average sales price, cost of production, profit and profitability level. Calculations of the economic efficiency of research showed that it is determined primarily by the quality indicators of the yield, which is formed under the influence of growing conditions in a particular territory. It is revealed that in the production costs of the commercial farm unit, the largest share is occupied by remuneration and the maintenance of fixed-capital assets. The cost of grape production in 2010-2014 ranged from 11014 to 12485 thousand rubles and for the period 2016-2020 it ranged from 12396 to 18117 thousand rubles. It is established that the greatest increase in expenses in the commercial farm unit is associated with the use of energy resources, the purchase of spare parts, repair materials, fuel and lubricants, as well as with the implementation of protective measures against grape pests and diseases. Meanwhile, the costs associated with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers have been decreased. The analysis of the economic efficiency of individual industries shows that animal farming in a specialized winegrowing commercial farm unit should be of an auxiliary nature for the needs of domestic consumption. It is determined that the main factor determining the level of sustainability and efficiency of the industry is the transition to a new more intensive level of production, reducing of labor costs and material resources per unit of production, while increasing the yield of grape plantations.
The analysis of the state of the viticultural and wine-making subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Dagestan in dynamics for 2014-2021 was carried out, the main problematic issues in the development of viticulture and winemaking hindering the development of this industry were specified, and the key directions and prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Dagestan were identified. The problems and strategic directions of creating the most favorable conditions for viticulture and winemaking in the region to lift the economy, increase production and improve the efficiency of management are identified, based on the analysis of the state and development of the subcomplex, contributing to the socio-economic development of the region. Scientifically-based proposals have been put forward to improve the efficiency of viticultural farms in the region by strengthening state regulation, aimed at improving the material and technical base, eliminating the target disparity, job gaining, increasing yields, reducing costs. The produced strategy for the development of viticulture and winemaking i n the Republic of Dagestan for the period up to 2035 provides for the introduction of certain organizational and legal measures, including the implementation of constant monitoring and comprehensive price regulation of the market of grapes and wine products; the establishment of parity economic relations between the subjects of the viticultural and wine marketing vertical system, the improvement of insurance, tax and financial and credit policy in the field of viticultural and wine production. The approaches to the choice of the directions of the strategy for the development of production, marketing and increasing the efficiency of wine-making products of the processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the region are proposed. The necessity of modernization of the branches of viticulture and winemaking in Dagestan from the placement and technology of sustainable cultivation to processing and marketing in relation to modern conditions of the market economy, based on deepening specialization, vertical and horizontal integration, which provides for cooperation of all forms of ownership, ensures maximum added value, effective marketing, is established. It is shown that the strategy provides for amendments to the regulatory and legal acts of the Republic of Dagestan in order to disseminate measures of state support for measures aimed at increasing the volume of sales of grapes in fresh form to the population, providing processing enterprises with conditioned raw materials, creating additional jobs, increasing the average wage of workers in the industry and additional contributions to budgets of all levels.
The work presents an analysis of territorial distribution of climatic factors that characterize the heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory. The materials used were the SRTM-3 electronic terrain model of the Crimean Peninsula and long-term meteorological observation data from 17 meteorological stations in Crimea and Sevastopol for the period of 1985-2020. To conduct the research, we have collected and analyzed meteorological information, necessary for calculating climatic factors that characterize heat supply of the Crimean Peninsula territory for grape production. In this regard, six climatic indicators related to the thermal conditions of the territory were selected: the Huglin heliothermal index, the Winkler index, the sum of temperatures above 10 º, the sum of temperatures above 20 º, the average temperature of growing season, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 º to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC. To optimize the location of grapevine plantations, a comparative analysis of consistent patterns of spatial variation in the values of given climatic factors was carried out. It is established that the analyzed factors have similar patterns of variation under the influence of terrain, hydrological and geographical parameters of the territory. Therefore, the classification step of values of every analyzed factor was selected to match the class limits. According to the group of analyzed Factors characterizing the heat supply of the territory, a complex digital large-scale map of spatial distribution of heat supply on the Crimean Peninsula territory was constructed, according to which 5 classes were identified. The achieved developments can provide the basis for agro-ecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of viticultural and winemaking industry of the Republic of Crimea.
The work is devoted to a comprehensive agroecological analysis of the territory of the Crimean peninsula for favorable conditions for cultivation of grapes. The regularities of spatial variation of eight agroecological factors that characterize the heat and moisture availability of the territory are studied: the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC, the ratio of the sum of temperatures above 20 ºC to the sum of temperatures above 10 ºC, Huglin and Winkler indices, the average temperature of the growing season, Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient, amount of precipitation for the year and the growing season period. The factors are grouped according to the principle of similarity of the patterns of their spatial variation. The main agroecological factors limiting the possibility and efficiency of cultivation of grapes are considered: the average of the absolute minima of air temperature and the sum of active temperatures above 10 ºC. Based on the revealed patterns, digital distribution maps of the studied factors are constructed. Using GIS technologies, an overlay analysis of complex maps of heat, moisture availability and frost hazard of the territory was carried out with the mutual overlap of maps and the separation of ampeloecotopes of one group by the boundaries of ampeloecotopes of other groups. Territories that are not suitable for vineyards due to unfavorable orographic and soil onditions, as well as lands belonging to the nature reserve and forest areas, have been identified and excluded. On the territory of the Crimean Peninsula, 27 ampeloecotopes with varying degrees of favorability for cultivation of grapes with a total area of 1672.6 thousand hectares have been allocated and a digital map of their placement have been built. The obtained results can serve as a basis for agroecological optimization of varietal composition and terroir specialization of the viticultural and wine industry of the Republic of Crimea.