Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Suprun Ivan
Articles in journal: (total 28)
The intensive production of fruits, directed on obtaining of stable and high-quality crops, causes the necessity to increase the resistance of cultivars to diseases. Under the modern conditions of rapid climat change, caused by anthropogenic, including agricultural environmental contamination, the protective and adaptive characteristics of the plants are reducing, and this factor determines the need to obtain the varieties of fruit crops adapted to a wide range of changing external conditions both abiotic and biotic. The article presents the data of early apple seedling selection for resistance to the two apple-tree dominant fungal infections: to scab under artificial infestation and to powdery mildew on a natural background. The object of research is the hybrid apple seedlings resulting from deliberate crossbreeding of K15461 sample of MOSVIR collection, that is relatively steady to both pathogens, with the susceptible Fuji cultivar. In 36% of the samples a scab lesions were not identified, 39% of the seedlings are resistant to a powdery mildew, according to the two years of the evaluation. 3 seedlings showed the resistance to the two pathogens, their share is 11 %. The evaluation of the plant also on complex features "cultivation" made it possible to identify the most of them as significant for breeding. The obtained results indicate a high prospect of using of K15461, as well as hybrid plants obtained in the combination of crossing of K15461 × Fuji, as donors of resistance to scab and powdery mildew. The hybrid seedlings can be used for study directed to the identification and mapping of new genes for resistance of apple plants to these pathogens.
Polymorphism of 10 microsatellite loci of Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi grapes and their certified clones was studied. An analysis of previously identified by clonal selection grapes protoclones is conducted with perspective for clonal polymorphism identification SSR-markers. 7 protoclones of Cabernet Sauvignon and 2 protoclones of Saperavi with differences in the studied loci from original cultivares are allocated.
Allelic polymorphism of two apple-tree Md-EXP7 and Md-PG1 genes affected the density and the texture of fruits pulp of 21 modern and autochthonic (national breeding) apple-tree varieties of the Crimean are studied. The microsatellite markers to the specified genes, marked by fluorescent colers are used in the work. As result on a gene of Md-EXP7 9 heterozygotic samples (allelic combinations 198:202; 202:206; 202:214) and 11 homozygotic samples (alleles 200:200 and 202:202) are revealed. On a locus of Md-PG1 gene 14 homozygotic samples with an allelic combination 298:298 and 7 heterozygotic samples (alleles 288:298 and 291:298) are identified. It is known when the microsatellite repetition of Md-EXP7 marker is shorter, the fruit pulp is more dense: were Sinap white, Sinap Sudaksky, Amulet, Balaklavskoye and Tatar winter were the most valuable genotypes. On Md-PG1 marker the most valuable were the Amulet, Balaklavskoye, Demir Alma, Kandil Sinap, Salgirskoye and Sinap white with an allelic set 288:298, and also the Rumyanka Crimean and Tatarskoye winter with an allelic set 291:298. The consideration of results of the analysis of allelic polymorphism and combinations of alleles of Md-EXP7 gene of autochthonic Crimea varieties showed that 9 from 11 of national breeding varieties have the alleles of 198, 200 or 202 defining the high (198) or the average level of density (200 and 202). On the basis of its data it is possible to assume the existence of purposeful selection of an apple-tree forms by sign "quality of fruits" in the course of national breeding of an apple-tree in the region of studied varieties origin.
One of the main problems of the fruit and berry industry currently is a group of systemic pathogens for which there are no effective remedies of protection. Viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas and bacterial pathogens cause huge damage to fruit producers. Their presence in plants reduces the yield and quality of agricultural crops. The prevalence of viral diseases in Russia varies from 32 to 80 % depending on the culture and region of cultivation. However, replacing the infected plant material with a nonviral one can increase productivity by up to 30%. For the production of virus-free planting material in the world, various methods for the elimination of viruses are used, including such as the culture of meristem (in vitro), thermotherapy, chemotherapy, micro grafting (microtransplantation) and cryotherapy of the meristem tips. These methods and approaches for the elimination of viruses are successfully used in various countries to effective viruses fight for almost all of the most economical important crops, which is an agricultural strategy for the production of virus-free plant material. The main factors affecting the efficiency of viruses elimination from plant material are as follows: type of virus, type of plant and its genotype, temperature and duration of thermotherapy, incremental temperature increase and its change, type and concentration of antiviral agents, explant source, tip size and the location of the meristem, genetic stability of the plant. The analyzed literature data on the elimination of viruses from plant material of various fruit crops show that the combination of methods for eliminating viruses has much higher efficiency when combining not only one, but several methods of plant healthing in turn, depending on the type of virus, type and variety of the crops.
The laboratory and field data on studying of genetic and agrobiological features of an apple-tree genotypes are given. Donors of immunity to scab of the apple-trees possessing a complex of basic economically valuable traits are allocated