Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The article summarizes the current data as regards the actual problem - molecular-genetic control of ethylene biosynthesis in apple, directly affects the fruit quality and storability. Solution of this problem is not possible without an exact understanding of the ethylene synthesis mechanisms, reception and transmission of ethylene signal, biochemical pathways controlling the level of ethylene synthesis. Searching for actual and complex information complicated by the large number of foreign articles, considering only partial steps, regulating the level of ethylene biosynthesis. It is clear that the multiple genes has contribution to such traits, as fruit structure and storability, so the aim of this work was generalization of currently available information on ethylene biosynthesis and control. The article reviews the ethylene reception inhibitors (1 - M�P and AVG), the ethylene biosynthesis pathways are considered (system 1 and 2) and the key enzymes in the ethylene biosynthesis (ACC synthase and ACS oxidase), and genes encoding these enzymes - Md-ACS1, Md-ACS2, Md-ACS3, Md-ACS5A and MdACS5B - for ACC-synthase and Md-ACO1, Md-ACO2, Md-ACO3 and Md-ACO4 - for ACC-oxidase. Ethylene signal cascading the transmission mechanisms, which include the receptors of ETR, ERS, RAN, CTR, EIN, EIN, EILs and ERF, and their molecular genetic control are reviewed. In addition, the article provides the information about genes of fruit structure, unrelated with ethylene - Md-Cel1, Md-PG1, Md-PG2 and Md-Exp7. The problems of QTL mapping, controlling fruit quality, namely related to ethylene biosynthesis are presented.

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New donors and complex donors of significant signs of an apple-tree are allocated on the basis of received new knowledge on formation and display of valuable selection signs

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Genetic identification of allele�s gene of self-incompatibility in the apple varieties is executed. Cytological analysis of pollination of apple varieties is conducted. Compatible combinations of varieties are defined

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The walnut assortment in the south of Russia needs improvement and addition varieties with grades with high adaptability to the volatile climate of region. One of aspects of breeding programs is existence of genetic resources with a wide range of economic and valuable traits. In the NCRRIH&V since 2012 the research work on mobilization of a gene pool of the sort Juglans for breeding is forced. According to the priorities in walnut breeding the work includes the foreign varieties and search of highly productive local forms. Work on selection of forms for an introduction was carried out in 2012-2015 in the territory of Krasnodar Region, and also in some other regions of the Russian Federation: Rostov, Volgograd, Ryazan and Tula regions. For primary assessment of productivity used such indicators as quantity of nuts in kg/tree and a visual assessment in points. As a result the collection of Institute was added with twenty varieties and forms allowing to increase in resistance of new walnut varieties to stressor and also to increase in productivity and quality of fruits. The perspective samples on the parameters, the most actual for breeding process, have been selected. The mobilized genetic resources can significantly add a walnut collection NCRRIH&V with such major traits as frost resistance, high productivity and resistance to pathogens of various origin. This material is certainly interesting to inclusion in the breeding process, and on this basis the new varieties combining the high productivity with resistance to biotic and abiotic stressor will be created.

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In recent years, many wineries have chosen to avoid using commercial S. cerevisiae strains as fermentation starters, and preferred the use of autochthonous selected strains as an oenological strategy that allows combining the industrial advantages of inoculated fermentation with the authenticity and typicality of spontaneous fermentation by native S. cerevisiae strains. One of the important tasks in the search for autochthonous strains of S. cerevisiae is the assessment of the genetic identity of strains and their genetic diversity. The interdelta genotyping method is successfully used for this purpose. The paper presents the results of interdelta genotyping of 49 autochthonous S. cerevisiae strains isolated on white and red grape varieties on the territory of the Krasnodar region, using three primer pairs δ1+ δ2, δ12+ δ2, δ12+ δ21. It was found that when primer pairs δ12+ δ2 and δ12+ δ21 were used, 14 different patterns were formed in the samples. When using the primer pair δ1+ δ2 � 11 patterns. With the primer pair δ12+ δ21, 5 and 6 groups of genetic similarity were formed in the studied samples, which is higher than when using other types of δ pairs. According to the dendrogram obtained from the results of the interdelta analysis and constructed using the UPGMA method, the strains were divided into 2 main groups, and the first group included only yeasts isolated on the Dostoynyi grape variety (19 out of 28 strains). The second group included 9 strains isolated on the Dostoynyi grape variety and all strains isolated on the Chardonnay grape variety, which in turn were combined into subclusters. Data of studies allow us to draw preliminary conclusions about the specificity of the genotypes of autochthonous yeasts found on the surface of white and red grape varieties.