Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The results of evaluation of short stratification periods with different durations influence the obtaining healthy microplants of sweet cherry hybrids from isolated unripe embryos in vitro culture are presented. Three sweet cherry varieties of super early, early and meddle term of ripening are studied. The sterilization scheme for immature sweet cherry embryos using a disinfectant in the form of tablets containing the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid was tested. The method showed the high efficiency, which was manifested in a low percentage of infected tubes. Three seeding were made at various times: after harvesting immediately, after 1 week, and after 3 weeks of stratification. The degree of plants development introduced in vitro culture was defined after 2, 3, and 5 weeks. Assessment of plants with root and leaves was carried out on a 5-point scale. Based on the development degree of plants introduced in vitro culture, a graph was created showing that the highest percentage of normally developing embryos of the Krasnodarskaya Rannya sweet cherry was observed in the group stratified for three weeks, than that stratified one week. In the group of the Krasa Kubani specimens, an opposite dependence is observed. The rate and degree of development of the Yaroslavna embryos without stratification are in the middle range between other studied samples with long and short stratification. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the varietal characteristics of samples prevail over the duration of stratification in order to increase in the yield of normally developed microplants obtained in vitro embryo culture.

Annotation

One of the most important scientific problems in the genetics of cultivated plants is study and conservation of genetic diversity. Local native cultivars of different regions are the important part of world grapes gene pool. Traditional ampelographic descriptions are supplemented by molecular genetic data in the study of the gene pool of grapes at the present time. Genotyping of the 14 Dagestan autochthonous grapes cultivars has done in our research: Asyl Kara, Bayat Kapy, Gimra, Gulaby Daghestanskiy, Joonga, Dubut, Mola Huseyn Tsibil, Rish Baba, Sarah, Tavlinskiy Pozdniy, Hatal Baar, Hop Halat, Khotsa Tsibil, Shavrany. DNA profiles were obtained by microsatellite loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. Above-noted SSR-markers are recommended as the main for Vitis vinifera genotyping. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on an automated genetic analyzer that provides data, corresponding to the modern world requirements for genotype identification. Using of multiplex PCR was tested in our work. Multiplex kits allow to optimize the time spending on analysis of DNA, as well as significantly reduce implementation costs. VVMD27 locus showed the highest polymorphism in the study of this group of Daghestan cultivars: 9 alleles per locus are identified; locus VrZAG62 showed the smallest polymorphism � 5 alleles / locus. The cultivars of grapes with uncommon alleles at the studied loci were determined in the analyzed varieties group. The information of number of microsatellite markers VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVS2, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79 for fingerprinting of analyzed samples of grapes cultivars is shown.

Annotation

Control of varietal purity of planting material is a significant factor affecting the productivity of horticultural farms. SCoT markers (Start Codon Targeted) can be attributed to modern methods for monitoring the varietal purity of seedlings of fruit crops, which have the prospect of being introduced into wide practice. In this connection, based on the prospects of using SCoT markers in the identification of plant material, work was carried out to select effective combinations of SCoT markers. An approach based on the creation of markers from two SCoT primers was used to increase the number of possible marking options. The aim of this work was to select combinations of SCoT mark-ers that are promising for apple DNA fingerprinting, which in the future will allow the best combinations to be used in the identification of planting material. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of combinations of SCoT-markers to identify representatives of the genus Malus. The 18 SCoT markers were grouped into 68 combinations based on the preliminary assessment. The selection of effective combinations of markers was carried out according to a number of necessary criteria, such as the high quality of DNA finger-prints and a significant number of polymor-phic amplified DNA fragments. These characteristics are especially significant in the genetic assessment of closely related genotypes. The requirements for the quality of DNA fingerprints increase significantly, due to the large number of identical DNA fragments. About 45 % of the combinations were successful and were selected for fur-ther work as promising. The approbation carried out in the work made it possible to identify promising markers among 68 used ones. Selected DNA markers can be useful in a variety of areas, including the genetic identification of accessions, the analysis of the genetic homogeneity of plants obtained through micropropagation, as well as for performing research on the study of the genetic relationships of accessions.

Annotation

The publication presents the results of a study aimed at assessment of introduced ultra � early-maturing forms of walnut according to such traits as fruit ripening time, plant habit, f ruit-bearing type, ratio of fruit setting from lateral and apical buds, number of fruits in nut cluster, fruit characteristics, including a number of biochemical parameters. Based on the results of the observation, it was concluded that there is a trait of restrained growth in all the studied samples. At the same time, the level of compactness of crown branching had insignificant differences. The degree of crown compactness in all samples, with the exception of sample 16-SI-6, is comparable to the Dachnyi variety. The indicated sample had a more compact crown close to spur. It was found that all the studied samples have a lateral type of fruit-bearing (from 50 to 8 0% of the fruits are formed on lateral shoots). It has been established that the formation of nut clusters with two or three fruits, which, along with lateral fruit-bearing, contributes to an increase in productivity potential. According to these features, all studied forms are sources of traits. Taking into account such characteristics as the yield of the kernel, color and its extractability, the following most promising samples can be determined: 16-SI-5, 16-SI-6, 16-SI-10, 16-T-1, 16-T-2. They are sources of a set of selection-valuable traits and can be used in breeding. Based on the data of biochemical analysis, a sample 16-SI-2was identified, which has an increased content of biologically active substances, as well as fats, which may be the basis for its use in breeding according to these traits. The forms 16-SI-6 and 16-T-1 can be further considered as candidates for the varieties most promising for use in the private sector.

Annotation

Fruit crop virus has a negative effect on the timing of ripening and quality of fruit-bearing of plants. Virus free plants should be used for orchard set-up. Plum virus pox disease is a serious threat to horticulture because it has a wide range of host plants and able to spread in orchards in a short time. Methods for effective diagnosis of this virus are of high importance for the production of virus-free planting material. This work presents the results of testing and optimization of the method of plum virus pox disease diagnosis using PCR method with reverse transcription, as well as the evaluation of its effectiveness in comparison with commercial kit. Various tissues of PKSK 1, AI 1, VSL 1, and Gizela 5 rootstocks obtained in apical meristem culture and plum plants of Stanley cultivar ere used as the material. The concentration in the ratio of Oligo dT (Oligo(dT)15-primer) and Random (Random (dN)10-primer) primers we added was optimized (1:2), in order to increase the yield of specific viral cDNA fragments. The primer pair of the amplification control was matched to the region of the gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. For comparative evaluation, cDNA samples from plants obtained in vitro apical meristem culture and samples from symptomatic plants were used. After obtaining the preparation of total RNA, reverse transcription and amplification of the obtained cDNA were performed, followed by analysis of the products on an agarose gel. No nonspecific amplification products and single-stranded DNA were observed in the samples. Amplification products of positive controls were observed in all samples examined. The method we studied showed high efficiency compared to the control method.