Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
The important link in the system of effective grapes cultivation is protection of plantings against pests and diseases. For the last 15-20 years the specific composition of pests on the industrial vineyards was considerably renovated and the new types of pests continue to appear in the personal subsidiary farms since the other various crops are near vineyards. The pests of these crops can use grapes as a forage plant and to influence essentially on its quality and productivity. The purpose of our research is to develop ecologically safe system of vineyards protection against a pests complex in the personal subsidiary farms. Research are carried out in six personal subsidiary farms, on the vineyards and other horticulture crops of Krasnodar, Anapa and Crimean areas through route inspections. The biological efficiency of chemical and biological insecticides was defined. It is shown that grapes protection against pests consists the organizational and agritechnical actions and application of chemical and biological means of protection. As a result of carried out research the complex of actions for vineyards protection against pests in the personal subsidiary farms is offered. To prevent the accumulation of the wintering pests capacity the treatment by insecticides of a chemical origin (Avant 0,03%, Fufanon 0,1%, Sumi-Alfa 0,5% etc.) after harvesting, and also in the spring on the first pests generations are offered. If these recommendations are observed the vineyards on seasonal dachas and personal subsidiary farms will be optimal protected from pests and thus the accumulation of the pesticides residues in the soil and grapes plant will considerably decrease.
In the struggle for a saler's market of fruitage production the producer with high fruits quality and their low prime cost is winning. For economy of production costs of fruit's the low-cost elements of technology are introduced. The Stavropol Experimental Station of gardening tested the technology of a garden using the saplings on the rootstocks with grafting at the height of 40 cm. Increase in deep of saplings during when landing on 20 cm more than previous recommendations allows you to increase trees fixation in the soil and to get rid of an expensive support. The introduction of the offered technology significantly depends on quality of saplings with grafting at the height of 40 cm, profitability of their production and selection of low growing rootstock which is optimal conforming to requirements of the technological process. For selection of low growing rootstock corresponding to the production technology of saplings with a high grafting the dwarf and semi-dwarfish apple-tree rootstocks: of M9, CK4, T337, M9EMLA, MM102 and CK2. The carried out research showed that the T337 dwarf rootstock and MM102 semi-dwarfish rootstock are the most technological for cultivation of saplings with a high grafting. They have the straight well rooting layers, in the first field of nursery the central trunk doesn't deviate from vertical position. To the time of carrying out of grafting the height of plants reaches 95-106 cm. The central trunk has a thickness of 8-10 mm at the height of 40 cm and it allows you to execute a high grafting qualitatively. The receiving of standard saplings on these rootstocks with grafting at the height of 40 cm reach 98 % of quantity of all layers landed in the first field.
The grape-berry moth and bollworm which can significantly (on 20-100 %) reduce the productivity of vine plants on separate stages of ontogenesis are the stable harmful types of pests of Lepidoptera. For biological and ecological grapes protection against these pests the scientifically based methods to predict the dynamics of development (taking into account their harmfulness) under different weather conditions are required. Under the conditions of Krasnodar Region the biology of grape-berry moth is the most studied from Lepidoptera pests. Bollworm is polyphage and relatively new pest of vineyards. In accordance with the objective of study the monitoring of dynamics of grape-berry moth and bollworm is carried out on the plots where the number of imago of bollworm and the harmful stage of second and third generation of the pest are determined. These study are directed for obtaining of new knowledge about the biology bollworm under the influence of abiotic and technogenic factors. It is shown that pheromones may be by criterion tool to define of density of settling of plants of bollworm and a great way to refine the time of its treatments by protective means and even to be a method to reduce in number of pest. It is noted that in the fight against grape-berry moth more than 30 preparations of chemical and biological origins are allowed to use and the choice of protective means depends on the degree of settling of vineyards by grape-berry moth. When the settlement of vineyards is low the Lepidocid provides the high biological efficiency. It is established that at strong settling of vineyards of grape-berry moth the sufficient effect is provided by Pirineks, Avant, Insegar and B-58 new.
In recent years it is preferred a laying of fruit orchards to carry out by saplings that have a crown, which at least accelerate for a year of formation of tree's crowns and getting of the first commercial crop of fruits. The fast fructification and productivity of fruit plantings depend on quality of landing material. The requirements to quality of landing material increase all the time. The new way of cultivation of two-year saplings had a crown on KNIP-BAUM system is offered. The saplings which are grown up on this system are already capable to lay the floral buds in the nursery, and in a year of landing to give 3-5 kg of fruits from a tree. The technology of their cutting is very simple. The main lack of KNIP-BAUM system is cultivation of saplings within three years, that in comparison with receiving of one year saplings using two-year cycle of cultivation, considerably increases the expenses. In this article it is shown, that improving of existing technology of cultivation of a fruit plant using an inoculation in one-year shoot of a rootstock at the height of 55-60 cm, and also due to use of part of a rootstock for formation of future trunk of a sapling, it is possible to increase in intensity of growth and development of a sapling. So, the height of annual apple-tree sapling at a high inoculation increased on 16-26 cm in our experiments, the total growth of shoots increased by 1,5-1,7 times, the laying of branches in a plant crown increased in 2,5-2,7 times. Parameters of an annual sapling became to correspond to a two-year sapling with one-year crown. However the period of cultivation of such saplings was reduced by one year that is an undoubted advantage of this technology.
The purpose of research is the determination of biological efficiency of system of protective measures on vineyards when using the tank mixes of pesticides with ad'yuvant Kodasayd and the possibility to reduce the frequency rate of chemical processings. The field research were conducted in 2013-2014 on industrial grapes plantings of Rkatsiteli grapes in the South-West zone of vine growing of the Crimea. The standard methods applied in vine growing and protection of plants were used: route inspections and field research - for study of dynamics of development of diseases and determination of productivity of grapes; laboratory's research - for definition of the content of sugars and titrable acids in the juice of grapes berries. Calculation of biological efficiency of system of grapes protection against diseases when using the tank mix of fungicides with ad'yuvant Kodasayd showed the high values - higher than 86,6% by all options of experiment. The highest rates of efficiency (87,1%) at protection againts mildew with use of ad'yuvant Kodasayd 950 on the leaves are noted in two options of experiment: use of ad'uvant at all processings of plants and in a option with reduction of frequency rate of processings. The level of crop protection in this case made 89,2-89,6%. The use of ad'yuvant of Kodasayd 950 (2,0 l/hectare) in the tank mix with chemical preparations allowed you to reduce the frequency rate of processings from 6 to 4 without decrease in efficiency of protection. The high level of protective measures when using the modern assortment of preparations and multipurpose ad'yuvant of a natural origin - Kodasayd 950 allowed you to receive the bigger crop of grapes - 5,3-5,4 kg / a bush against 4,5 kg / a bush in the control option.