Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
The productions technology of fruit saplings for different types of gardens demands of selection of rootstocks of certain growth force and the differentiated approach to technology of saplings cultivation. Quality of the shoots, landed in the first field of nursery, is a leading factor of ensuring of standard saplings receiving. The purpose of this research is to pick up the root stocks of low growing group connected with the requirements of carrying out of grafting at the height of 40 cm, possessing by rather intensive vertical growth of shoots, high yield of standard layers and their minimum branching. For realization of tasks the modern methods of field and laboratory research are used. These indicators were analyzed: receiving of standard layers from unit of area, parameters of overground part of layers, the intensity of rooting, the property to branching of annual layers, the curvature of layers. It is established that quality of layers substantially was defined by rootstocks type. The research showed that the control CK2 rootstock yields to MM102 and CK4 rootstocks. So, MM102 rootstock on the average in two years had the production of standard layers on 27,4 thousand/hectare higher, than CK2 and had not the curvature of shoots that is an important factor for using of a high grafting. The CK4 rootstock had not thorn prickles of shoots that increase its technological efficiency in the nursery fields. M9 and M9EMLA rootstocks yield to a control rootstock on production of standard layers, they have a big branching of annual shoots. For conducting of high grafting MM102, CK4 and M9EMLA rootstocks are recommended.
From the beginning of 2000 the development of a phylloxera leaf form was fixed on vineyards of the South of Ukraine at all growing grapes varieties, including European grafted varieties. The work purpose is studying of bioecological features of development of a phylloxera leaf form, the search of its natural enemies and selection of preparations for effective protection of grapes plantings. In the course of research we studied the influence of abiotic factors (air temperature, amount of precipitations, the sum of active temperatures) on development of a phylloxera leaf form; the efficiency insecticides action from various chemical groups; harmfulness of a phylloxera leaf form; biocenotic communications of a phylloxera leaf form of with the complex of entomophages. Field experiments were conducted according to "A technique of a field experiment". The spreading of a phylloxera leaf form of in the field conditions at various grapes varieties was studied by a method of route inspections. According to the results of three years' research the close correlation connections between the development of a phylloxera leaf form and the following abiotic factors were established: air temperature (r =-0,84), sum of active temperatures (r =-0,90), amount of precipitations (r = 0,99), hydrothermal coefficient (r = 0,95). On the basis of the obtained data the optimal terms of sprayings of grapes plants against a leaf form of phylloxera are established. By the results of tests of various systems of protective measures the calculation of economic efficiency of grapes production was carried out. It is established that the Karate Zeon is the most effective preparation against a leafs form of phylloxera. The predatory species of insects are revealed, it is possible to use them in a biological method of grapes plants protection.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRAPES ERINEUM MITE OF THE EUROPEAN GRAPES AND IMPROVEMENT OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES
In the last 10 years the increase in intensity of spreading and development of grape felt mite is observed and its harmfulness becomes stranger. Expansion of an area of wreckers spreading causes the necessity of carrying out of research directed on studying of features of its development and elaboration of system of protective measures for industrial grapes plantings. The work purpose is differentiation of grapes varieties zoned in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine on a damage rate of grape felt mite; an assessment of its harmfulness; studying of efficiency of insekt-acaricides from various chemical groups and determination of optimal terms of their application. The methods of research are: field for determination of intensity of spreading and harmfulness of grape felt mite; agritechnical measurement of productive indicators of grapes plants; culculative for determination of efficiency of system of protective measures. It is shown that efficiency of studied preparations is 78-90 % on the 28th day after spraying, and on the 45th day is 75-94 %. Maximum efficiency was obtained under treatment by Demitan and Masay preparations. In the course of work the features of development of a grape felt mite, the level of its spreading and harmfulness at zoned grapes varieties are studied; the optimal terms of carrying out of protective measures are determined and the most effective insecticides from various chemical groups are revealed. The developed protective measures allow to increase the net income due to increasing of yields quantity and quality of grapes and save the material resources to produce a unit of production. Prime cost of 1 ton of grapes production decreased in comparison with control by 5%; with application of studied preparations the net income increased on options I-III by 14%; the profitability of grapes production increased by 9%.
This article is devoted to a problem of a bacterial cancer, actual for viticulture, and in particular in the Krasnodar Region. A bacterial cancer is the one of the most harmful chronic diseases of grapevine. Characteristic feature of defeat of grapes plant by bacterial cancer is system type of infection, the all organs of the infected plant remain sore during all life. Therefore the vegetative reproduction of sick bushes leads to the producing of sick landing material, promoting the further spreading of a disease. The bacterial cancer is wide spread in all zones of grapes cultivation, its high harmfulness is noted in our country and abroad. Despite the application of various struggle measures, including phytosanitary, the annual progression of a disease in the viticulture's regions is noted. In the presented review we discussed the questions of systematic of the causative agent of this disease a bacterium of Agrobacterium, the tupe of infection of grapes plants and the latent period in the development of deseasse. The subject of studying of genetic inheritance by grapes varieties of stability and a susceptibility to this disease is lifted. It is offered to pay attention to integrated scientifically based approach to a problem of a bacterial cancer on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. It is necessary to develop such research, as identification of types and strains of Agrobacterium on vineyards, determination of degree of their pathogenicity. The complex studying of suseptibility of grapes varieties for the purpose of identification of steady genotypes is recommended. Particularly noted that it is necessary lo make the monitoring of the causative agent of a bacterial cancer in the landing grapes material, nursery plantings and in the soil of vineyards, including the use of molecular and genetic methods of research.
In this work we study the main chemical pesticides used for protection of cherry from the main harmful objects, and the perspective copper fungicides which haven't been alowed "The reference book of pesticides and the agrochemicals allowed for use in the territory of the Russian Federation" for use on cherry. Work was carried out in 2012-2013 on Lyubskaya cherry. The data of experimental study about change of the content of mineral substances and organic acids in the cherry fruits as a result of use of pesticides from different chemical groups are submitted. It is established that nature of accumulation of organic acids and mineral substances significantly varies under influence of weather conditions of year and active ingredient of a chemical preparation. The method of research of chemical indicators is based on extraction of analyzed substances from plant material and further determination of mass concentration of cations and organic acids by means of a capillary electrophoresis on the Capel-103л device. The features of influence of various active ingredients of used preparations on biochemical indicators of cherrys fruits are indicated. It is revealed that all studied chemical preparations reduce the accumulation of ascorbic acid in the cherry's fruits. The nature of accumulation of organic acids and mineral substances in cherry's fruits significantly depends on weather conditions and the nature of a chemical preparation. Applied fungicides in the protection of cherry intensify the accumulation of organic acids in the cherry's fruits. The analysis of the content of sodium in the cherry's fruits showed its bigger accumulation in case of use of chemical pesticides. It is shown that the use of copper fungicides leads to decrease of calcium content in the cherry's fruits during the harvesting period.