Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
Now the problem of lying of strawberry's industrial plantings with the certified landing material is particularly acute. The biotechnological methods are very important for commercially revitalizing of plant material. For fast reproduction of different plants the method of clonal micro reproduction is used widely. This method became industrial for many crops, including strawberry. The main objective in the process of adaptation of micro plants to unsterile conditions is to increase in their resistance to a stress, diseases and vermins. The purpose of our research is to study the features of micro plants of Nashe Podmoscovie strawberry to unsterile conditions of environment. The research were conducted in the laboratory of Department of biotechnology and plants protection of Institute in 2015-2016. The strawberry of Nashe Podmoscovie under the optimum conditions of cultivation is highly rooting 91,8 % for the 20th days of cultivation. The greatest percent of shoots rooting (98,3 %) has been received in 28 days. The plants which have reached height of 20-40 mm and having root system from 2-4 roots not less than 10 mm long and 4-6 leaves were replaced in the middle of March in the pots with a soil substratum. The plants have adaptated in-itial under the conditions of the light room. Duration of adaptation stage of strawberry plants to unsterile conditions was 2-2,5 months and their survival was 94,7 %. On the basis of data on survival of the multiplied plants of Nashe Podmoscovie strawberry under in vitro conditions it is possible to come to conclusion that the presented strawberry's varieties are characterized by high survival as under the conditions of adaptation room, and also under the unsterile conditions of the greenhouse 94,7%-87,2%, respectively.
In the process of apple varieties selection for intensive cultivation technology the very important are the characteristics of variety efficiency, including growth vigor and crown volume of a tree as well as the high rates of adaptability, productivity and high quality of fruits, at the same time the preference is given to dwarf varieties or to varieties with a middle growth vigor. Assessment and selection of apple varieties with the specified signs were the purpose of our work. The programs and techniques of selection and variety study of fruit crops are used in a work. The research was carried out in the field and laboratory experiments. The objects of research are apple-tree genotypes (Malus x domestica Borkh) of different ploidy and a genetic origin. In the article the results of studying of apple varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in the Institute collection are presented. The studied varieties are divided into three groups: dwarf, below than average and average height of trees. All colon forms of the Belarusian breeding have the weak growth vigor and compact crown (from 0,18 to 0,46 m3), but in the same time they have insufficient quality of fruits for the Southern zone of gardening. The apple varieties of Piros, Elisa, Topaz, etc. are in the group of the trees below average height, their growth vigor varies from 2,2 m (Piros) to 2,4 m (Topaz). Height of trees of average growth vigor from 2,55 m (Honey Cris-pus) to 2,75 m (Blagovest). The growth vigor of the apple krebs studied in the experience varies from 1,7 m (Krasnopolosatoye) to 1,9 m (Kitayka Malinovaya), and crown volume from 0,2 m3 (Krasnopolosatoye) to 0,92 m3 (Dolgo). For use in the breeding and for creation of intensive orchards the perspective dwarf apple varieties with compact crown and blend fructifica-tion are revealed.
Enzymatic processing is one of the most promising direction of intensification of wine production processes. Entering into the pulp of enzyme preparations provides a qualitative extraction of the necessary amount of coloring substances and the achievement of the required intensity of color and completeness of taste. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the enzyme preparation of Lafase Fruit on the quality of young dry red wine materials. The determination of physical and chemical parameters of wine materials and wines was carried out according to the standard methods adopted in the wine industry. In order to establish the effect of the enzyme preparation Lafase Fruit on the quality of young dry red wine materials, an experiment was carried out, which included the introduction of this preparation into the pulp of the Magia grapes by doses of 3, 4 and 5 g / 100 kg of grapes. The preparing of wine materials was carried out under microprocessing conditions according to a single technological scheme. It is established that the use of enzyme preparations increases in the concentration of titrated acids by 0.2-0.5 g / dm3, and the extract by 1.2-2 g / dm3. The experimental samples had a high alcohol content (13.0-13.4% vol), and a low concentration of residual sugar (1.8-2.6 g / dm3) and volatile acids (0.58-0.65 g / dm3). Basic organic acids were within the limits of their optimal content in the table wines. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the treatment of pulp with a pectolytic preparation is promising as a method of accumulating of organic acids. The use of the enzyme preparation reduces in the duration of fermentation, reduces in the turbidity of the wine material, and facilitates its clarification. The indicator of the color intensity in the experimental wine materials is higher than one in the control. The positive effect from the introduction of the enzyme preparation is already observed at a dose of 3-4 g / 100 kg, therefore it can be considered the optimal dosage of this enzyme preparation is 4 g / 100 kg of grapes.
The article presents the results of studying of the Kupresocyparis Leuland varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar Territory for the main adaptive features: winter hardiness, drought resistance and resistance to dominant diseases. An estimation of decorative attributes of varieties is carried out. The purpose of the research is to identify the most adaptive and maximally decorative Cupressocyparis Leylandii varieties under the conditions of increasing in abiotic and biotic stresses and to expand on their basis a modern assortment of evergreen plants for gardening and creating hedges and topiary forms in the conditions of the South of Russia. The results of a comprehensive assessment of the introduced varieties of Cupressocyparis Leylandii: Leightons Green, Variegata, Gold Rider, Castlewellan Gold, 2001, Blue Jeans are presented. It is established that the decorative indexes of plants are determined by varieties specificity, especially relative resistance to diseases and pests to specific conditions of growth. Of the 5 varieties studied by us, the most adaptive, combining resistance to temperature stresses (drought-resistant, winter-hardy), major diseases and pests with high decorative signs (architectonics of the crown, color of the fir-needles, vitality, long decorative period) are distinguished from 5 varieties. These are the Leuson Green, Variegata, and Gold Rider varieties. The selected varieties for a set of valuable attributes, are classified as well adapted to the weather and climatic conditions of the Region and highly ornamental plant groups, recommended for widespread use in the landscapes for creating hedges and topiary forms in the conditions of the South of Russia.
The purpose of this work was to study the influence of separate and joint foliar fertilization with potassium and calcium on the accumulation of these elements in the apple fruit of the Sinap Orlovsky and Imrus varieties, as well as to study the influence of ratio of these elements on the fruits storage ability. The optimal ratio of these elements in the apple fruits is great important, since this indicator affects the yield quality, including the duration of fruits storage. The research were carried out in 2014-2015 in the field experiment on the study of the efficiency of foliar top dressings. It has been shown by the study that the effect of joint treatments of studied apple varieties by potassium and calcium-containing fertilizers differs from the effect of separate fertilization. The studied varieties manifest the different reactions, both to individual compounds and to their mixtures. There were significant differences for years, depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions, as well as difference of varieties. It was found that in the studied apple varieties the calcium content in the fruits is a more stable index, in comparison with the content of potassium, which significantly changed depending on meteorological conditions and the load of trees by harvest. Foliar top dressing with potassium sulfate and calcium chloride, having a significant effect on the level of potassium and calcium in the tissues of apple fruits, can increase in the risk of bitter pit developing. For the Sinap Orlovsky apple variety a significant increase in the K/Ca ratio was observed when 0.3% potassium sulfate solution treatment, for the Imrus apple variety when the plants are sprayed with 1% solution of calcium chloride.