Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
Monitoring's data of the consumer's market show the currently increase of public demand for high-quality wines. That is why there was a need to expand the vineyards area with autochthonous varieties. The solution of this problem requires an increase in the production of land materials of these varieties. In a varieties nursery the important part is assigned plantations, where the main economic valuable products are the annual shoots, which serve as the initial material in the production of grapes sapling. The purpose of our research was to develop a mathematical model for calculation of economic productivity of nursery plants that will alow their biological potential as much as possible. The research were carried out in 2012-2013 at the nursery planting of autochthonous varieties of Tsimlyanskiy Black and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy. In the course of research a mathematical model that allows to calculate the potential productivity of nursery under the specific conditions of growing is carried out. The formula for calculation of cutting's output from grapes nursery is given, as well as the formula for calculation of number of standard cuttings, which can be obtained from one shoot. In accordance with the developed mathematical model for calculation of economic productivity of nursery plants the efficiency of the proposed method was determined at the plantations of grapes varieties of Tsimlyanskiy Black and Krasnostop Zolotovskiy. By comparison the calculated and actual data on the yield of cuttings the similar results are obtained. It is concluded that the proposed mathematical model takes into account the biological potential of nursery vines and it allows to calculate the possible output of standard cuttings with a sufficiently high level of accuracy. The proposed method gives a possibility to cultivate the shoots purposeful on uterine bushes of grapes with consideration to their biological potential.
In the article the data on the influence of rootstocks cherry seedlings and VSL-2 on height, trunk's diameter, size of one-year shoots and the number of annual branches of sweet cherry scion-rootstock combinations of E.M. Alekhina breeding (NRRIH&V) in a young garden without irrigation are considered. The data of output of sapling under conditions of low humidity and high summer temperatures are analyzed. In the study the "Program and methodology of varieties study of the fruit, berry and nut crops" have used. The comparison of rooted plants of sweet cherry on different rootstocks is conducted. It is revealed that in the first years of the research the survival of sampling on VSL-2 rootstock is much higher (on average 29%) of that indexes in the almost all combinations. The greatest growth in a young garden have Alaya, Mak, Uyshnaya on seedlings of sweet cherry, and Volshebnitsa on the VSL-2 rootstock. It is noted that all studied combinations (except Alaya) have the height, trunk diameter, number of branches and the amount of annual shoots of the plants on the VSL-2 rootstock significantly greater than that indexes on the sweet cherry rootstock. Analysis of variance of data showed that the share of influence of the factor "genotype of rootstock" on the height of plant cherry is 30,27 %, on the diameter of the trunk 22,05 %. It is shown that in the early years of plants development without watering the influence of rootstock genotype stronger than the influence of scion genotype (39,63 to 80,60 %). The influence of the scion genotype was observed only on the number of annual branches (6,45%). Two-factor analysis of variance also revealed the combined effect of the factors "genotype of the rootstock" and "scion genotype" on the variability of the studied parameters (0,22-1,54 %) in the early stages of research in a young garden.
Fruit wine drinks, received from wild-growing and cultural plants are just as good as grapes wines on content of vitamins, micro elements and on physiological impact on a human organism. Fruits and berries of wild-growing and cultural plants are suitable for all types of processing. In the article the results of research of fruits and berries of wild-growing plants (actinidia arguta, dog-rose) and cultural plants (blackcurrant, raspberry) are presented. The studied fruits and berries were picked during the several seasons (2010-2012) in the South of Primorskiy Kray of the Far East region of Russia. The purpose of the performed work is to base the possibility of use of fruits and berries of wild-growing and cultural plants as a raw material for preparation of wine drinks. Physical and chemical and biochemical indicators and indicators of safety (the maintenance of toxic elements) of the studied raw materials were researched by the standard methods in the wine-making. It is known that the chemical composition of fruits and berries juice characterizes a nutrition value of product. It is established that the corresponding correction of juice of the studied fruits and berries, according to the indicators of mass concentration of sugars and titrate acids, gives the possibility of their use in the technology of fruit wine materials. The maintenance of toxic elements in the fruits and in the berries didn't exceed the admissible values established by TR TS 021/2011. It is shown that studied wild-growing (actinidia, dog-rose) and cultural (currant, raspberry) fruits and berries have an abnormally high content of biologically active substances, the original flavoring and other advantages that confirm the possibility of their use as the raw materials for wine-making.
The purpose of our study is to clarify the harmfulness of root and leaf forms of phylloxera; to define the resistance of zoned and perspective grapes varieties to the leaf form of phylloxera; to identify the main actions in the fight against quarantine vermin. The research are carried out in the collection planting of Krasnodar Region using the phytosanitary monitoring of vineyards. To assess the resistance of varieties to harmful organisms the domestic scale is used, it is more convenient for modeling of grapes protection systems against vermin and pathogens. The results of long-term inspections of vineyards in the Krasnodar Region is presented in the article. The field resistance of zoned and perspective grapes varieties to a leaf form of phylloxera is shown and the preparations for protection of plants against this vermin form are estimated. It is established, that resistance of zoned and perspective grapes varieties to a leaf form of phylloxera is determined not only by the morphological and physiological features of varieties, but also by the degree of bushes by vermin colonization, that causes the spreading of vermin on the varieties previously, considered as resistant. It is noted, that therefore it is inexpedient in one planting to select the grapes varieties with different resistance to leaf form of phylloxera. The principle of selection of varieties in one planting is the data of ripening and uniform protection of plantings against harmful organisms. It is noted, that an assortment of preparation to fight against a leaf form of phylloxera is small now. The preparations approved for use against a quarantine vermin have the high toxicity and adverse influence on the useful fauna. Therefore the laying of new vineyards needs planting material free from a root form of phylloxera.
In the market economy conditions the program and intention methods are one of important elements of the projected development, way of regulation of macro- and microeconomic processes, as the direction of opportunity's improvement in the expansion of agric-industrial complex capacity. The purpose of the presented work consists in development of methodical positions and practical basis of the program of agric-industrial complex development of the Republic of Abkhazia on the example of a fruit and grapes subcomplex, taking into account the specific features of modern conditions of economics. Market formation of horticultural economics of the Republic and its development includes a complex of the questions and demands to produce the decisions, in particular in the traditional directions - as economy sectors which have to be based on the development of program actions and their purposeful introduction. Development and implementation of "Program measures" are directed on the gradual restoration of infrastructure of the Republic and on the solution of problems of viticulture and vine-making branch and effective production of fruit crops. In this article the productive and economic characteristic of industrial fruit growing and viticulture in the Abkhazia Republic is given. The necessity of application of program and intention approach as a way of increase of effective management of development of viticulture s and fruit growing branches is based. The necessary economic conditions of branches stable development are defined. The social and economic assessment of efficiency of the program realization of these branches development is given. It is shown that realization of "Program measures" will form a basis of further development of Republic production infrastructure and promote to revival of its agric-industrial complex and expansion of the foreign trade positions. At the same time the Abkhazia can become one of the most important and traditional producers of environmentally friendly production of viticulture and fruit growing in the market system.