Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
Phytosanitary optimization of vine growing involves the analysis of a complex of the biotic and abiotic factors defining a phytosanitary situation of specific planting. The purpose of our research was a study of bioecological features of causative agents of the main diseases of table grapes varieties of early and late maturing and differentiation of the studied varieties on degree of defeat against the main diseases under the conditions of the Central steppe zone of vine growing of the Crimea. Field research were conducted on vineyards of table grapes varieties superearly maturing terms (Elegant Superanny, Flora, Arkadia), early (Vostorg), late (Moldova) in 2013-2014, according to the techniques used in the practice of vine growing. On the vineyards of table varieties the development of mildew, black spottiness, and anthracnose was diagnosed. The leaves of Vostorg grapes and bunches of Arkadia and Alegant grapes desease least of all. The development of an anthracnose and black spottiness was noted on vegetative and generative organs of Vostorg grapes plants. The obtained data on productivity testified about prospects of cultivation of table grapes under the conditions of the Central steppe zone of vine growing of the Crimea when timely carrying out the protective measures. Identification of defeat by mildew defeat and anthracnose and black spottiness of table grapes allowed you to make conclusion about nessesity of carrying out the protective measures from mildew on Flora, Elegant superrany, Moldova, Arkadia, Vostorg grapes. On the Vostorg grapes Delight in connection with defeat by anthracnose and black spottiness, it is required the carrying out the additional processing against these objects. The received results can be used in the development of system of protective measures for table grapes assortment in this zone of wine growing.
The work is relevant because it is directed on a solution of a question of decreasing in prime cost of apple rootstocks' clonal micropropagation technology and increasing exit of plants. The results of researches on selection of the low-toxic, economic and environmentally friendly growth factors, organizers of structure of a nutrient medium, and also increasing of efficiency of apple rootstocks' microplants' adaptation in unsterile environmental conditions are presented. The experiment showed that on the main quality indicators of microshoots furolan in concentration of 4 mg/l is less dangerous and more economic analog of traditionally used growth factors (6-BAP, GA, IBA) with efficiency at the same level and above. The potato starch was defined as analog of agar-agar in the nutrient medium with mineral structure on a recipe of Murashige and Skoog for cultivation apple rootstocks' microshoots of the SK series. By experience the conditions raising the eficiency of apple rootstocks' microplants' adaptation to unsterile environmental conditions were established. The adaptation of apple rootstocks' microplants should be begun with the moment when plants reach the size of 5-10 cm, and their root system will consist of several well developed roots, 2-5 cm long in 800 ml vessels on a substratum the lixivious black soil stabilized within a day at a temperature 100º C with addition of half solution of salts on a recipe of Murashige and Skoog
Krasnodar Region is one of the largest suppliers of fresh strawberry berries to the industrial regions of the country. Fruits of strawberry are the most valuable raw materials for the food and confectionery industry. However, almost no day-neutral strawberry varieties of intensive type for the southern zone, particularly for the Krasnodar Region, which combine the complex resistance to drought and high temperatures in a summer and high stable yield with good fruit flavor and transportability. Today, the best of the domestic varieties of day-neutral strawberry have not the promising complex of agronomic valuable traits: the level of productivity more than 15 t / ha, diameter of berries of 25-35 mm, the minimum allowable limit of productivity of 600 g / bush, bright red color of berries with capacity for storage. On the basis of the Krymsk Experimental Breeding Station (Krymsk of Krasnodar Region) the evaluation of productivity of day-neutral varieties is carried out: Aromas, Elizaveta 2, Irma, Louise, Seascape, Thelma, Evie-2. It is found during study that these varieties at positive temperatures in the range +12 ÷ + 33 C, regardless of the length of the day, may yield the first berries within the first two months after their landing on a constant place. Day-neutral varieties may exceed the yield of short-day varieties due to the ability to form a large number of stems and fruiting in a long time period - from the middle of May until the first frost. It is established, that on productivity all stadied day-neutral strawberry varieties may be suitable for cultivation in the commercial plantations, as the most optimal varieties for the intensive plantations in the South of Russia can be recommended for a wide production testing the varieties of neutral day: Irma, Evie-2 Aromas.
The task of our research was to obtain the large-fruit plum-shape hybrid of tomato with the complex of commercially valuable characteristics and the study of confumity of heredity of plum-shape form of fruits, and also the revealing of the optimal kinds of parent couples. For obtaining the large-fruit tomato hybrids with plum-shape fruit 10 lines of tomatoes, were divided in two groups according to the fruit form. The first group contains 6 lines with round fruit and middle or large fruit size. The second group contains 4 lines with plum-shape, long-plum shape and cylindrical shape of the fruit. As a result of crossings the F1 tomato hybrids in 48 straight and inversed combinations were obtained. The comparison of the results of straight and inversed crossings showed no statistically significant difference in the fruit form index. The middle dependence of the fruit form index from the parent lines change was revealed (the correlation coefficient was r = 0,680,05). The most stability in form of fruits showed the round-shape combinations, the plum-shape combinations showed lower stability. The correlation between the middle fruit weight and the fruit form index were shown. In the first crop rotation its coefficient was r=-0,63 and for the second rotation the coefficient was r=-0,56. On the basis of results of experience two hybrids were transferred to a production variety testing, following results of which the hybrid k-505 has brought in the State Register under the name "T-34". The important feature of this hybrid: all tomato fruits in a brush have the almost identical size. This hybrid is highly productive, with long productivity and it is steady against biotic factors of the environment.
As the result of the intensive growth of greenhouse areas, the need in seeds of tomato hybrids corresponding to the demand of consumers is increased. Breeding scientistes of the company "Gavrish" are working for the creation and the assessment of large-fruited tomato hybrids with the complex of resistances to diseases and pests for the extended circulation. The main indexes determining the commodity quality of fruits are intensity and homogeneity of coloring, uniformity and mass of fruits as well. The objects of our research were the new tomato hybrids which were selected in the seed firm "Gavrish". As standards there were used the hybrid of russian breeding F1 Taganka and the hybrid of foreign breeding F1 Torrero. The following indexes - type of plant growth, leafing, load, type of inflorescence, mass of fruit (more 200 g), fruit color and form, yield capacity and etc, were taken into account for the research of large-fruited hybrids. The tomato firmness of fruits was measured by the classical penetrometer (Shor). The tomato firmness has a great significance at the transportation of products. The analysis of more perspective breeding material was carried out with the use of molecular-genetic methods on the presence of genes of resistance to Cf, TomVo0-2, Fol, For,Ol,Ve. Taking into account the results of phenological observations we came to a conclusion, that all tested hybrids of tomato, including the standards, on maturing terms are concern to middle-early ones (the time of ripening - from 100-115 days). The fruit-set fully depends on the successfully made process of pollination in every flower. The study of biological and morphological peculiarities of researched new large-fruited tomato hybrids allowed us to reveal the ecologically plastic, possessing the high potential productivity tomato hybrids.