Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Publishing of young scientists and postgraduates
The systems of trees protection against harmful objects (from 14 to 18 processings during the season) are the obligatory element of intensive technologies of an apple-tree cultivation. Pesticides are used more intensively in the apple-tree gardens of winter maturing which fruits are intended for a long storage. The new knowledge of dynamics of accumulation macro- and microelements in the "soil-plant-fruits" system is necessary for development of ecologically safe agric-technological methods of fruit crops cultivation in the modern gardening. The research are carried out in an industrial apple-tree garden of intensive type on the chernozem leached from 2009 to 2011 at different systems of garden maintenance. For determination of minerals quantity, in-cluding heavy metals, in the soil and apple-tree plants, the methodical instructions for definition of heavy metals in the soil and crop production are used. In the soil of apple-tree garden cultivated using the intensive technologies the high content of mobile compounds of copper, exceeding threshold limit concentrations by 1,5-2 times and direct impact of pesticides on the content of mobile zinc in the soil, leaves and fruits of an apple-tree are found. The preservation of fertility of the chernozem leached and restriction of migration of copper mobile forms in a garden ecosystem under the conditions of the central subzone of gardening of Krasnodar Region requires the replenishment of soil by organic substance not less than 20 t/hectare and not rarely than once in three years. For prevention of surplus accumulation of copper and zinc in the "soil-plant-fruits" system when cultivation of an apple-tree using the intensive technologies it is necessary to reduce the frequency rate of processings by preparations containing copper and zinc and to replace them less dangerous ones.
In the article it is noted that cultivation and introduction in the production of the Don native grapes varieties in the territory of Krasnodar Region will give the chance to make from them the high-quality and unique wines, and also will provide the increase in interest of producers in vine growing and wine-making branch. The objects of our research the wine materials from the following grapes varieties have been used: Bessergenevsky No. 7, Sibirkovy, Varyushkin, Granatovy, Muscat Hamburg. Processing of grapes raw for receiving of wine materials was carried out in 2015 in the shop of micro wine-making of the North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Vitisculture. During the research the analyses of the physical and the chemical composition of the wine materials prepared from above-mentioned grapes varieties have been carried out using the method of a capillary electrophoresis in the laboratory of "Wine-making" Center a nd in the Center of collective use of NCRRIH&V with use of Capel-105 device. When the analyses are carrying out the standard techniques, and also the techniques developed by employees of NCRRIH&V were applied. The con-tent of organic acids and cations of metals in the samples from the studied grapes varieties is determined. The carried out analysis has shown that the greatest quantity of wine acid contains in the samples from grapes of Bessergenevsky No. 7. As a result of study of cationic composition of wine materials it is revealed that the researched samples have the high content of potassium (528,3-1811 mg/dm3) that is coordinated with literary information. All samples presented in a research have a harmonious taste, they have also the positive reviews and the high tasting assessment of experts-tasters of NCRRIH&V. It gives the grounds to recommend the grapes varieties studied by us for production of qualitative wine materials and wines.
The method of clonal plants micro reproduction in vitro is one of basic elements of technology of production of the crop's revitalized planding material. It is known that for each new variety it is required the carrying out all of elements of improvement technique: the selection of optimal ratios of elements of nutrient mediums (micro and macro elements, vitamins, growth substances, etc.), the determination of optimal terms of in vitro introduction, the search of safe and effective sterilizers. In the horticulture of the South of Russia there is an annual assortment replenishment of new fruit varieties, so it is required the modification of technique for cultivation of these varieties. The purpose of our research is selection of the effective sterilizing agent for introduction in vitro of plum varieties. The objects of research are the preparations used for the surface disinfection of the explants in the process of introduction in vitro. The carried out research have shown that the greatest exit of viable explants is noted when processing by mercury iodide an average 82 %. Death of explants from an infection in this option is 8 % (the lowest among the studied options), a necrosis of explants an average 10 %, it is also the one of the lowest indexes in an experiment. The highest level of an infection is determined in a control option, when washing of plum explants by the distilled water an average 72 %. In the option of processing by the distilled water (control) the necrosis of apexes is an average 10 % that testifies of weak phytotoxic infection of this way of explants preparing in the process of plum reproduction.
The damage of grapes wood organs by mycoses in various degree cause the deterioration in the general phytosanitary condition of vineyards up to irreversible. The systematic research on studying of this group of grapes diseases in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia weren't conducted throughout the entire period of crop cultivation. In this regard there was a need of deeper studying of the infection complex associated with weakening of productional potential of modern vineyards of the West Ciscaucasian region. The aim of our work was clarification of the reasons of defeat of grapes wood parts, the identification and the analysis of mycoflora of tracheomycoses patocomplexes. The grapes plants with various signs of growth weakening up to drying and microflora of the damaged wood parts were the objects of our research. The phytosanitary monitoring about 2,5 thousand hectares of grapes orchards has been carried out. It is shown that the development of the tracheomycoses complexes was preceded by strong stressful impact on grapes plants of abnormal weather conditions of 2014-2015. As a result, the conducting system of grapes plants has been broken and there the fungeus patoflora began to develop later. The weakening of a sap flow due to vessel stopping up has led to decrease in metabolism of grapes bushes in general. Extent of decrease in activity of metabolic processes in the plants depended on extent of stress influence and extent of mycopatoflora's develop-ment. The withering and the drying of grapevine organs (leaves, bunches, shoots) were the external manifestation of the revealed nonspecific tracheomycosises which have developed after winter and spring frosting of organs and they intensified after a summer drought. We made a conclusion that the monitoring at a stage of nurseries should be carried out not only on specific tracheomycoses infections, but also on nonspecific infections and it demands a special attention.
The genetic cherry capacity grown up in the Nakhchyvan Autonomous Republic includes 66,7 % of local varieties and 33,3 % of introduced varieties. The purpose of our research is the definition of productivity of cherry forms cultivated in the Nakhchyvan AR taking into account the use of the biometric indexes. The objects of research are twelve cherry forms, and the zoned variety as a control was taken. For determining of indexes of trees productivity the methodical grants are used. It is established that the trees height of the cherry forms which are grown up in the Nakhchyvan is 3,0-5,0 m. The highest rates of volume and area of a crown projection are determined for cherry form of Kotam-2 (70,7 m3 and 16,6 sq.m). For 66,7 % of cherry forms the efficiency coefficient on crown volume is higher, than the coefficient of control variety. The efficiency coefficient on an indicator "the area of a crown projection" for cherry forms were 1,10-3,42 kg/m2. The index of average productivity varies in an interval 14,80-39,65 kg/tree, at 58,3 % of cherry forms this index is higher, than at a control variety (32,45 kg/tree). The highest average productivity is noted at Bulgan-2 cherry (39,65 kg/tree). The research have shown that the optimum of nutrition area for the studied cherry forms is directly proportional to diameter of crown. The index optimal trees number on hectare is inversely proportional to an index of the optimal nutrition area of plants. The productivity of 75 % of the studied cherry forms is higher, than the productivity of a control variety. It is specified that the promising forms of cherry with a high of productivity index can be used for restoration of the existing orchards, for the laying of highly productive industrial gardens and for the use in the breeding research.