Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Today the market of onion is presented with a large assortment of new quickly ripening varieties and hybrids F1. We carried out a test with the purpose to learn and estimate the new quickly ripening sorts of onion that most coveted by vegetable growers. The tests were carried out at the plot of variety study that is located at the breeding center "Gavrish" in the Krymsk district of Krasnodar Region in 2014-2015. The test was made in two replications. The spacing of plot registration is 10 m2. As the study subject were chosen the early ripening onion varieties (vegetation period is 100-105 days from sprouting till leaves lodgings). As a standard the early ripening hybrid F1 Centavr (breeding center "Gavrish"), Russia, was used. It is established that the most attractive appearance has the onion with brown color of dry glumes the Hybrids F1 Spanish medallion and F1 Centurion are marked by this index. For the mechanized cultivation we can use samples F1 Takmark having strong engagement and the the thick dry glumes and also samples of F1 Takstar, F1 Comandora and F1 Bonus with strong engagement and the glumes with middle thickness. Using such mark as weight we can separate out one sample of F1 Takmark that has the low the variability index, in other words the high uniformity (X=115,3�5,3 and CV =20,6%). As about crop yield the leaders are F1 Buffalo and F1 Camaro, their crop yield is 8,0 kg/m2 and 7,9 kg/m2. F1 Music is sweet, the general content of sugar is 6,2 %. Hybrids F1 Isi 30230 (11%), F1 Takstar (10,9%), F1 Takmark (10,5%), CRX 2313 (10%) have sharp flavor. High degree of safety have hybrids of F1 Takstar, F1 Bonus, F1 Takmark, F1 CRX 2313. Hybrid F1 Music also has high degree of safety despite of low content of sugar and thin glumes.

Annotation

In this review the main physical and chemical, including sorption, properties of natural polymer of a chitozan and its application are reflected in the various areas of the industry. The chemical structure of chitin and a chitozan is given, the active centers are noted, the possible mechanisms of interaction of chitozan with chemical components of foodstuff, including the wine, are presented. The special attention is given to physical and chemical and electric properties of a chitozan. It is shown that the electric-cinetic potential of chitozan changes depending on active acidity of the environment. The data of a chitozan application are given in the various industry branches, including medicine, biotechnology, and the chemical and food industry. The use of chitozan in the food industry, as a thickener, a sorbent, a structure creater, a taste improver for production of products of dietary food, is offered. Much attention in the review is given to research of the possibility of chitozan application for processing of drinks, including the wine. It is offered to use a chitozan as means for regulation of wine acidity and stabilization of wine materials against protein and polyphenol and lipid dimness, as well as for prevention of metal kass, and sorption of micro organisms. It is shown that application of a chitozan in the beer industry as a food addition promotes the improvement of taste and foam-forming ability of beer. In the combination with bentonite, gelatin, silica gel, fish glue and other glue substances a chitozan is used for processing of kvass, beer, juice and the other non alcoholic drinks. Mech-anisms of interaction of a hitozan with proteins, polysaccharides and polyphenols of beer, wine, and kvass are given. Data on the sorption capacity of chitozan preparations are submitted. The clarification of communication of chemical structure and biological activity of a chitozan will allow us to create the substances keeping his properties and possessing of the new useful qualities.

Annotation

Bacterial cancer of grapes is the most dangerous and wide spread disease of grapes in a world. In the Krasnodar Region now the death of grapes plant-ings from this disease has increased in 2-2,5 times. The causative agent of a disease often extends in new areas with landing material without symptoms of disease; therefore the diagnosis of bacterial cancer is an important task of wine growing branch. This article is devoted to this question. For research we have taken the tumorous outgrowths of bacterial cancer found on grapes plants of various ecological-geographical origin (Italy, France, Serbia, Russia) on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. In total 22 grapes samples are analysed. DNA from tumors is defined using the modified CTAB method. For research of isolates of Agrobacterium we used two methods of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - classical PCR and PCR in real time (PCR-RV). By PCR-RV method with use the test-system to pehA gene the presence of DNA in all analyzed samples of the studied grapes varieties is detected. Selective amplification of six DNA samples by PCR classical method with the use of test-system to virF gene has revealed the target fragments in all studied grapes samples. In these samples of the tumorous gall outgrowths found on grapes plants in the territory of Krasnodar Region the agrobacterium of A. vitis type is revealed as the causative agent of bacterial cancer of grapes. Accoding to the results of the carried out research we came to a conclusion that the use of methods of molecular and genetic identification allows us to give a diagnosis quickly and precisely of the causative agent of bacterial cancer disease for grapes plants.

Annotation

Detection of distinctions of soil fertility of garden cenoses is the main criterion defining the efficiency of the differentiated application of fertilizers. The elements of precision use systems of mineral fertilizers at drop irrigation in the fruit plantings taking into account the defference of soil fertility indicators are studied insufficiently. The purpose of research is to determine the consistent patterns of change of providing levels of an apple-tree with available elements of food in a zone of localization of mineral fertilizers at small-volume irrigation taking into account the difference of soil cover. The research are carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region in the industrial plantings of apple-tree of the varieties of winter term maturing on M9 rootstock cultivated using the intensive technologies. As a result of a soil- agric-chemical research the considerable change of soil fertility parameters depending on a zone of selection of soil samples is established. In the places of local application of fertilizers the content of nitrate nitrogen increases in 19,3 mg/kg on average, ammoniac nitrogen - on 4,74 mg/kg and exchange potassium - on 92,5 mg/kg in a soil layer of 0-30 cm. The fertigation has exerted the considerable impact on variability of soil properties; the strengthening of micro variability of soil parameters of agric-physical and agric-chemical conditions of soils is noted. It is shown that introduction when fertigation even rather small doses of mineral fertilizers on elementary sites of the increased provide with nutrients does not lead to increase in maintenance of food elements in the soil. A conclusion is made that in the garden cenoses cultivated by intensive technologies it is necessary to develop a complex of agric-technical methods of application of the differentiated doses of the mineral fertilizers combining an intra soil introduction, a fertigation and not root top dressing of fruit plants.

Annotation

The article presents the results of a study of growth vigor and yield capacity of sweet cherry varieties and hybrids of Belarusian breeding on clonal rootstocks of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy. The studying of biometric features of trees growth, allows you to select the varieties with restrained growth for the compact orchards and to create an optimal system of cultivation of specific varieties. As a result of study it is found that the clonal rootstocks of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy influence on reducing of growth vigor of grafted varieties and hybrids of sweet cherry taking into account the index of cross sectional area of the trunk. It was revealed that a cherry hybrid 4/10 on the VSL-2 has a smallest growth vigor � 115 cm2 of the trunk section area. The Syubarovskaya on the wild cherry has the yield capacity by 39,2 t/ha and the trees of this variety on the VSL-2 have a yield capacity by 20,2 t/ha. The highest index of crown productivity is noted for the Syubarovskaya on the Izmailovskiy rootstock and for a hybrid 4/10 on the VSL-2 � 0,23 and 0,24 kg/cm2 respectively. The effect of VSL-2 and Izmailovskiy clonal rootstocks on the formation of small compact crown of grafted sweet cherry trees is found. The trees of Naslazhdeniye on the VSL-2 have the smallest area of crown projection � 4 m2 and the crown volume � 6,7 m3, as well as the largest index of crown volume productivity � 2,9 kg/m3. It was found that the sweet cherry varieties of Medunitsa, Naslazhdeniye and a hybrid of 15/112 grafted on the wild cherries seedlings have genetically determined weak growth of the trees. The Medunitsa sweet cherry realizes most fully a genetic potential of the compact and small crown, and also this variety has the high productivity index of volume crown function of grafted trees.