Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The issue of obtaining planting material for fruit crops, free from pathogens, including viruses and phytoplasma, is of high relevance at the present time. The use of modern methods of biotechnology and molecular genetics is an important element in the production of improved planting material, since it allows not only to obtain plants in the culture of meristems in vitro and to produce their microclonal propagation, but also allows control the presence of viral and phytoplasmic pathogens, the identification of which by external symptoms can be difficult due to the presence of a latent form of disease. The article presents the results of the implementation of complex studies on microclonal reproduction of various crops of fruit crops, as well as an analysis of modern scientific literature on this topic. In addition, the results of molecular genetic studies in the part of the analysis of the genetic stability of plants obtained in vitro and the identification of viruses are presented. It was noted that at all stages of micropropagation, including the use of a culture of meristems, it is often necessary to develop variety-specific protocols. Optimal protocols for sterilization of explants of pome and stone fruit cultures using disinfecting tablets "OKA-TAB" and antimicrobial preparation �BIO-PAK� have been developed. The dependence of the intensity of the release of phenolic compounds by explants and their further necrotization upon introduction into culture in vitro on the phases of development and the age of donor plants was revealed. The optimal concentrations of nutrient media components, as well as phytohormones, have been established for a number of varieties and rootstocks of pome and stone fruit crops of domestic breeding. As part of the analysis of the genetic stability of plants obtained under in vitro conditions, ISSR and IRAP DNA markers have been identified that are promising for use for these purposes on apple stocks (ISSR: UBC 811, UBC 841 and UBC 843; IRAP: Cass 1 and �ass 2). When analyzing the genetic stability of the rootstocks of large-stone cultures using ISSR DNA markers, the identity of the DNA profiles was revealed, which testifies to the preservation of genetic stability for this rootstock using the developed micropropagation protocols. Based on the use of a complex of biotechnological and molecular genetic methods, genetically homogeneous rootstocks of stone fruit cultures, free from the virus pox disease of plum, were obtained. These plants, after testing for other viruses of stone crops and in the absence of such, will be transferred to the category of �candidates for initial� and, after retesting, can be transferred to the category of �initial plants� and serve as a basis for further mass production of virus-free rootstocks.

Annotation

Biotechnology is introducing into agricultural practice at a rapid pace. The biotechnological methods used play an important role in the cultivation of agricultural, horticultural and ornamental plants, which improve their agronomic performance. Biotechnological methods are highly effective because plant cells are totipotent, which means that every cell has the genetic information and cellular machinery needed to create an entire organism. Thus, with the help of tissue culture technology, it is possible to obtain a large number of plants that are genetically identical to the parent, as well as to each other. Plant tissue culture technology is widely used for large-scale plant propagation. In addition to being used as a research tool, plant tissue culture techniques have in recent years acquired important industrial significance in the fields of plant propagation, disease elimination, plant improvement, and the production of secondary metabolites. Small pieces of tissue (called explants) can be used to produce hundreds or thousands of plants in a continuous process. One explant can be propagated to several thousand plants in a relatively short period of time and under controlled conditions, regardless of the season and weather, on a year-round basis. The article provides a brief overview of the most important biotechnological methods used, such as micropropagation, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis, somaclonal variation, in vitro selection, protoplast culture and somatic hybridization. Based on the analysis of literature data, the assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each biotechnological method is made, and how the considered biotechnological methods can affect the nursery industry and change the growing systems in nurseries.

Annotation

The modern wine industry for the production of wines uses imported cultures of active dry yeast, which often require adaptation to local production conditions. According to numerous data, the best wines can be produced only with the use of local yeast strains, adapted to the conditions of a particular locality and the chemical composition of berries, in particular, the acidity of the juice, the pH value, in connection with which the fermentation of the must proceeds more actively, and the resulting product has a higher quality. At the moment, there are a number of examples of successful implementation of projects to search for promising commercial strains of wine yeast among wild populations to obtain terroir-type wines with high taste characteristics. The work presents a morphological and cultural assessment of yeast strains isolated on 17 grape varieties at 6 points of selection (AF �Yuzhnaya�, farms, private farmstead) of Krasnodar region. A total of 510 yeast monocultures were isolated. An elective test and ITS analysis of some of the strains were carried out. According to the morphological assessment of yeast isolates, the cells of the Saccharomyces yeast were round, oval, or oval-shaped. The cells of the yeast of non-saccharomyces were elliptical, lemon-shaped, rod-shaped. It was found that the proportion of saccharomycetes varied depending on the grape variety and the place of its growth. Samples in which Saccharomyces were not found were identified. Restriction analysis of yeast isolates of the genus Saccharomyces was carried out for 153 strains isolated in the village Tamanskiy, AF �Yuzhnaya�: Cabernet Sauvignon, Krasnostop Anapskiy, Pervenets Magaracha, Zweigelt; and in Novorossiysk, �Usad�ba Semigorye�: Sauvignon Blanc, Kristall, Cabernet Fran. It was found that all studied samples of the genus Saccharomyces belong to the species S. cerevisiae / S. paradoxus.

Annotation

The wealth of genetic tools makes it possible to analyze phylogeny and genetic polymorphism in the studied taxa. The genetic components include retrotransposons. The study of retrotransposons is relevant for the creation of genetic markers. At the moment, DNA markers, whose polymorphism is due to retrotransposon inserts, have gained distribution in genetic work. The aim of this work is to search and detect effective IRAP and ISSR markers for the genotyping of apple rootstocks. Based on the quality of the obtained DNA fingerprint, the selection of the most informative markers was carried out for each of the markers involved in the work. The primers of the selected IRAP and ISSR markers will be used in the future for genotyping of stocks. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. As a result of the work performed on the genotypes of apple tree stocks, 5 IRAP markers 4 gave DNA fragments during PCR. At the same time, 2 markers from the general sample were identified as promising for further work. The group of promising markers includes IRAPs with the largest number of amplified fragments and an easily interpreted type of DNA fingerprints. This group includes: Cass 1 and �ass 2. In case of testing of 8 ISSR, 3 markers were selected for further work. Further work will be aimed at assessing the genetic polymorphism of the selected markers with the subsequent expansion of the volume of the analyzed sample of samples.

Annotation

Oomycete Plasmopara viticola causes one of the most harmful diseases of grapes � downy mildew. In the areas of the humid climate of the Black Sea coast of the North Caucasus, the pathogen causes particular damage. In the form of epiphytotic, Plasmopara viticola develops 6-7 times of 10 years and can cause`s the losses from 50 to 100 % of yeld, despite the presence of a large number of fungicides that can inhibit the harmfulness of this disease. The aim of the work was to test the microsatellite DNA markers of GOB, CES, ISA, and BER to study the diversity of P. viticola populations parasitizing in vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory. The material for the study were grape leaves of various varieties affected by mildew. The leaves was taken in May-July 2019 at various points in the Krasnodar Territory. P. viticola DNA was isolated from the diseased tissue of grape leaves using the �CytoSorb� developed by �Syntol� specifically for the diagnosis of phytopathogens. A total of 8 samples of P. viticola DNA were extracted. The study was carried out using the classical method of polymerase chain reaction with optimization of the number and duration of cycles, as well as the concentration of reagents. The size of the amplified fragments of the GOB, CES, ISA, and BER loci was estimated using an ABI Prism 3130 automated genetic analyzer and using fragment analysis. Data analysis was carried out in the program Gene Mapper 4.1. The greatest polymorphism was detected by the GOB marker (15 types of alleles in eight studied samples). The GOB, CES, ISA, and BER markers can be used to study P. viticola populations wide spreading in the vineyards of the Krasnodar Territory.