Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Quality Management
At the moment, there is no systemic scientific knowledge about the mechanisms of the influence of the grafted culture on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of grapes and wine production. Establishing the regularities of the influence of various norms of the grape bush load in own-rooted and grafted culture on the grape quality, as well as the aesthetic and biological value of wine products in conditions of terroir changing biotic properties, is very relevant at the current stage of development of the wine-making industry in Russia. The objects of research were grapes and wine material of the Krasnostop AZOS variety in grafted and own-rooted culture with variants of different shoot load on the bush. The experiment of studying the influence of various agrotechnical methods on the productivity of a grape plant and the quality of wine material was laid in the Anapo-Taman climatic zone of the Krasnodar region of Russia. The highest yield of the Krasnostop AZOS variety during the years of the study was obtained in the variant of own-rooted grape growing with its load of 36-40 shoots per bush. In our studies, there is a tendency to an in-crease in grape sugar content and a maintenance of the titratable acidity when the Krasnostop AZOS variety is growing on vineyards in own-rooted culture. The most optimal ratio of sugar content and titratable acidity in the experiment was possessed by grapes from a variant of own-rooted culture with a load of 36-40 shoots per bush the glucoacedometric indicator was 4.36. In the studied variants, the largest number of phenolic substances was found in wine material from own-rooted grapes with a load of 36-40 shoots per bush 4130 mg/dm3 . This had a positive effect on the organoleptic evaluation of this sample. The largest total amoun of biologically active substances in the studied samples was found in wine materials from grapes in a grafted culture (134.9-147.9 mg/dm3 ). During the years of study, wine materials from grapes of own-rooted culture proved to be of the highest quality. This advantage over the grafted crop was traced in all variants of rationing the shoot load of grape bushes.
The crops products taste is the main characteristic that determines its appeal to consumers. Therefore, at different stages of the breeding process, it is important to have a competent tasting procedure, results of which require statistical analysis and graphics. The article proposes to use cluster heat maps (HM) to visualize the experts agreement when tasting products. The material for the study was questionnaires obtained in 2020 during the assessments of 10 varieties of blue honeysuckle Lonicera caerulea L. 12 experts were involved in the tasting, who evaluated the sensory characteristics of berries, including taste, on a five-point scale. Statistical analysis of the obtained data included the calculation of the Kendalls coefficient of concordance W, the average scores, as well as the construction of a cluster HM. To group the columns and rows of the data matrix in the CH, we applied hierarchical cluster analysis using Spearman's correlation coefficient as a measure of similarity, and Ward's method as an agglomerative algorithm. Calculations were carried out in the DescTool and pheatmap packages of the statistical environment R. As a result, it was found that the agreement of experts in the ranking of varieties was statistically significant (P < 0.001), but weak: W=0.374. Therefore, the average scores for varieties do not contain all the information and a heatmap was built to expand it. This article describes a statistical standardization procedure for color-coding cells of HM. Based on the heatmaps analysis, the individual characteristics of the honeysuckle variety and the individual taste of experts, the grouping of varieties and the grouping of experts and/or consumers are discussed. It is concluded that the cluster heatmap is a useful tool combining statistical and graphical techniques that is useful even in the absence of expert agreement.
The development of the draft regulatory documentation on the process of the quality management system (QMS) Management of measuring and testing equipment for the wine-making enterprise is presented. The purpose of the developed manual is to ensure the control and analysis of indicators of the quality of wine products throughout the technological and production cycle, which determine the achievement of the necessary high level of product quality, through the formation of uninterrupted operation of measuring and testing equipment. The process of creating the manual was based on the identification of critical points in the existing scheme of technochemical control of the production of white and red table wines; the development of the algorithm of the process Control of measuring and testing equipment"; the description of the management procedure of the control, measuring and testing equipment of OOO SIE Mikrovinodelie. The critical points of the quality management process of the produced wine are determined these are physico-chemical and microbiological indicators that should be monitored throughout the technological scheme. In order to determine the required measuring and testing equipment of the winemaking production, which allows objectively monitoring the quality of products throughout the technological process, an analysis of the existing regulatory documentation at the enterprise was carried out, on the basis of which information on control methods and devices for monitoring and measuring controlled indicators was systematized. The main elements of the process Control of measuring and testing equipment are defined, including handling operations; packaging; storage; delivery of products. The contextual diagram, the algorithm of the process, the matrix of responsibility distribution, input and output requirements for the process with references to the previously developed normative documentation regulating their implementation are proposed; the procedures for management of control, measuring and testing equipment at the winery are described.
The paper presents the results of research to determine the quality and chemical composition of berries of 24 varieties and hybrid forms of raspberries cultivated in the foothill zone of the Crimea. One of the possible ways to solve the problem of increasing the biological value of food is to improve the assortment of raspberries with a high degree of quality indicators of berries. To this end, the level of accumulation of soluble solids, total sugar, organic acid, ascorbic acid in berries was assessed. Varietal differences in the nutritional value of berries, taste qualities and the content of ascorbic acid, which determines the medicinal properties of raspberries, were determined. The purpose of the variety is determined by the sugar content and acidity of the fruits, which are signs that characterize the quality of the berries. It is necessary to use mathematical analysis to determine the nature of the relationships between these features. The relationship of taste qualities with the biochemical composition of berries was determined with the help of statistical approaches using regression analysis. As a result of the conducted studies, high fruit taste indicators (4,7-4,9 points) were observed in seven varieties and three hybrid forms. The increased content of ascorbic acid (55,9-95,2 mg/100 g) was detected in four varieties and five hybrid forms, titrated acidity (2,6-3,3 %) in four varieties, total sugar (2,6-3,3 %) in three varieties and two forms, soluble solids (15,1-20,2 %), in ten varieties and two hybrid forms. Indicators of the sugar-acid index from 6,0 to 7,2 were observed in three varieties and two forms. The selected varieties and forms are of interest for use in fruit-growing, as well as initial forms in further breeding work when creating new varieties with high taste qualities of berries and an increased content of ascorbic acid. The construction of the equation of multiple regression of the dependence of taste qualities on the influence of chemical composition makes it possible to more purposefully select the initial parent varieties for hybridization.
The article presents the results of a 2-year experimental study of the effect of biomodified fertilizers on the yield capacity and quality of early peach fruits Spring Gold in the central zone of the region (Krasnodar). Orchard planted in 2009. Medium-sized trees are formed according to the improved bowl system. The variety of American breeding (Spring Gold) is characterized by high taste qualities, average fruit size, rounded shape with a red blush, yellow flesh and juiciness, as well as sensitivity to spring frosts. Trees of this variety are also demanding on the level of soil fertility. Biomineral fertilizers introduced into the soil in early spring 2021, which have a biomodifier based on a strain of rhizospheric aerobic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (BMF) in their composition, mainly contributed to an increase in the content of mobile forms of phosphorus in the soil compared to the variant without fertilizers by 7.3-8.5 %, as well as the content of total phosphorus in peach leaves in comparison with the control variant by 24 %. In the variant with the introduction of BMF, the increase in the efficiency of microbial cenosis metabolism was observed, accompanied by an increase in the biological activity of the soil (BR and Cmic). A morphological study of generative buds and peach pollen, due to significant fluctuations in air temperature in the winter-spring period, did not reveal any damage to the analyzed samples. The yield capacity level of peach variety Spring Gold in the control variant (without fertilizers) was set at 34.6 and 35.1 kg/tree for this design of plantings in 2021-2022. Productivity against the background of the application of BMF was significantly higher: 41.6 and 44.8 kg/tree. At the stage of removable maturity, in accordance with GOST 34340-2017, the bulk of the fruits belong to the parameters of the highest and first commercial grades. The range of variation of such indicators as the size and weight of the fruit was much wider in the control variant. The content of solids in fruits was established not exceeding 10.2%, and sugars ≤ 5.7 %, which is typical for the group of varieties of ultra-early ripening. Against the background of the application of BMF, the content of biologically valuable substances in the fruits vitamin C and vitamin P was higher in comparison with the control variant by 5.2 and 48.5%, respectively.