Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Quality Management
The purpose of research was improvement of the production technology of cognac distillates on the basis of their fractionation and the accelerated maturing. The object of research are the cognac wine materials, prepared from mixture of the European grapes varieties. In the process of research of cognac distillates and cognacs the standard analysis methods regulated by standard documentation, and also gas chromatographic methods with use of the gas-liquid Agilent Technology 6890 chromatograph are used. The chemical composition of cognac distillates is researched, as a result the criterions of quality of cognac spirits for production of cognacs of various categories are established. Their quantitative and qualitative assessment is given, the requirements to young cognac distillates taking into account the directions of their use are developed. The optimum ranges of the content in the young cognac distillates of the main groups of volatile impurity are established. The mechanism of regulation and the schematic diagram of distillate fractionation process at spirit raw distillation are offered. It is established that the endurance of the cognac spirits processed by heat in the oak barrels for 3,5 and 7 years promoted the formation of higher (on 0,3-0,5 points) qualities of experimental spirits. As a result of the conducted research the production technology of cognac distillates was improved. The main stages of the offered technology are: the fractionation of cognac distillate in the process of distillation of alcohol raw on three distillate fractions; the accelerated maturing of cognac distillates at thermal treatment; the endurance of the processed cognac distillates in contact with oak wood. The apparatus and technological scheme of the advanced production technology of cognac spirits on the basis of their fractionation and the accelerated maturing are developed. The technological instruction for production of cognac spirits is developed and approved. The economic effect of its introduction was 129200 rub/one thousand decalitres.
The purpose of research was studying of the commodity qualities and chemical composition of apple-tree fruits of late maturing introduced varieties and varieties of Institute breeding which are grown up under the conditions of the South of Russia. It is noted that the special importance have the questions of improvement of vitamin provision of the population due to consumption of the fruits with the high content of ascorbic acid. In research there were 10 apples varieties, among which 4 varieties of NRRIH&V (Kubanskoe Bagryanoe, Prikubanskoye, Margo, Orphey). The research of indicators of fruit's chemical composition were carrying out using the standard techniques. Data on the content of soluble solids, sugars, acids and vitamins in the fruits of studied apple-tree's varieties are presented in this article. It is established that Granny Smit (220 g) and Prikubanskoye (205 g) apple varieties have the maximum mass of a fruit. The high content of soluble solids is typical for varieties of Institute breeding of Margo (14,0%), Orphey (15,5%), and also for the introduced Champion's variety (14,0%). The fruits of these varieties have also the high accumulation of sugars: the general content of sugars in 1,3 times higher than at the zoned Idared's variety. The highest amount of fructose (5,4%) and the minimum quantity of sucrose are noted in the apples of Margo of Institute breeding, that allow you to allocate Margo apple-tree in a group of the varieties possessing the valuable treatment-and-prophylactic qualities. The total content of pectin in the apples of the studied apple varieties was above a control sample. On the sum of pectin substances an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye with content of 0,5% of soluble pectin and 0,55% of protopectin was picked out.
The method of a field experiment accompanied with laboratory analyses and mathematical data processing is the basis for work. At a laying of a field experiment and carrying out calculations and observations and other types of field works used the standard techniques are used. The analysis of the obtained experimental data is carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. The biological assessment of growth regulators of new generation in the plantings of fruit and berry crops and grapes was the purpose of our research. The research was conducted in the plantings of an apple-tree, wild strawberry and grapes. The regulators of growth of new generation - Atonik Plus, Zerebra Agro, VL 77, Agro-Stimul and Avibif on phases of plants development of plants during the vegetative period were used. The results of the conducted research showed that a 3-time processing by Atonik Plus in a dose of 0,2 l/hectare, was the most effective on an apple-tree, the reliable increase in a crop of fruits was 7,0 t/hectare in comparison with control. The increase in a crop of fruits is occurred due to a smaller falling of fruits during formation of an ovary and increase in average mass of fruits. On Elsanta strawberry use of the Avibif growth regulator promoted the improvement of growth processes of plants, the increase in quantity of flowers was observed. The increase in berries crop was 2,5 t/hectare of with a dose of preparation of 0,6 l/hectare. The greatest rise of a crop is got at processing of grapes by preparation VL 77 in a dose of 0,3 l/hectare (6,5 t/hectare). The research of biological efficiency of new forms of growth regulators in production plantings of garden cultures and grapes showed prospects their use for regulation of growth processes of plants, increases in efficiency and improvement of quality of fruits and berries.
In the article it is presented the data of the analysis of the Russian cognacs composition of different categories, and the young and sustained cognac distillates with endurance term from 1 to 40 years produced on a full production cycle from own raw materials under the conditions of manufacturers of different agric and ecological zones of the CIS countries and Western Europe. It is experimentally established that in the cognac distillates which are characterized by a high level of quality; the level of concentration of ethyl acetate doesn't exceed 2000 mg/dm3, and methyl acetate - more than 200 mg/dm3. For the Russian cognacs the variation range of concentration is typical for ethyl acetate - at the level of no more than 500 mg/dm3, and methyl acetate - no more than 50 mg/dm3; for cognac distillates - 300-800 mg/dm3 and 10-80 mg/dm3 respectively. During the analysis of experimental data it is established that concentration of isoamyle acetate in the qualitative samples of cognac distillates - from less than 0,1 to 8,2 mg/dm3, in the Russian cognacs - from less than 0,1 to 0,8 mg/dm3. It is established that the concentration of an ehtyl caprilat in the cognac distillates of the young and sustained, produced under in the conditions of farms manufacturers of different zones of production - from 0,2 to 29,8 mg/dm3; concentration of an ehyl caprinat - from less than 0,1 to 28,4 mg/dm3. The composition of the young distillates received under the laboratory and production conditions from yeast sediments is studied. It is shown that addition of yeast sediments in the overtaken wine material within admissible norms promotes the increase in concentration of components of "enant ether"; the concentration of an ehtyl caprilat in the cognac distillate at the level exceeding 40 mg/dm3 can be a consequence of use of a considerable share of yeast sediments.
One of the main tasks in the field of cognac production of is increase in the level of its quality in which formation the flying components passing into cognac distillate during of process of wine materials distillation. The important role is played also the endurance components extracted from oak wood. For improvement of the monitoring system of quality of cognac production it is necessary to reveal the criteria indicators based on regularities of change of composition of cognac wine materials, cognac distillates and cognacs, depending on varieties, technology and physical and chemical factors of their production. The purpose of our work was studying of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flying and nonvolatile impurity of cognac distillates of the different years of endurance made on the Simferopol wine factory. When caring out the experimental works the standardized analysis methods with use of instrument base of Magarach Institute were applied. The results of research of flying impurity of cognac distillates of different years of endurance for the purpose of definition of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics are presented in this article. As a result of the conducted research 19 flying components of cognac distillates are identified, the most part (more than 60%) from which have a high degree of reliability and take a part in the formation of qualitative characteristics of cognac distillates. The close participation of the selected flying components in a group of the distillates sustained more than 20 years is established and the ranges of their variation are also established. It is shown that the influence of flying impurity on quality of cognac distillates has changeable character and depends on the term of their endurance, mass concentration of phenolic substances and degree of their acidity.