Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Quality Management
Fruits and berries are the important and irreplaceable component of the population balanced diet. In this article the results of studying of the chemical composition of currant berries are given, their high nutrition and biological value, and also antioxidant properties is noted. The difference of varieties and the level of accumulation of soluble solids, sugars (including glucose, fructose, sucrose), organic acids (citric, malic), vitamins, polyphenols and pectina substances are established. It is shown that currant berries in the food are the sources of functional ingredients, such as sugar, presented generally by fructose and glucose, vitamins C and P, anthocyans, pectin substances. The specific peculiarity of currant is high acidity of berries more than 2 %. The medicine and prophylactic properties of currant berries connect with the high level of pectin's accumulation more than 1 %: Podarok Leta variety 1,14%, Celechenskaya 1,03 %. The blackcurrant berries content the big quantity of vitamins, in comparison with red current, the contain of vitamin C more by 4 time on average, of vitamin P twice more. It is selected the blackcurrant varieties of Muravushka, Nara, Perun are the sources of high content of biologically active substances: the content of vitamin C in the berries more than 100 mg, 130 mg of vitamin P and 300 mg of anthocyans in 100 g of berries. Among the studied varieties of red currant on a complex of biochemical indicators the varieties of Dar Orla, Podarok Leta are interesting because they content more than 30 mg / 100 of vitamin C in berries and more than 85 mg / 100 of vitamin P
The modern choose of varieties in the industrial wine growing is directed on the varieties with high competitiveness in the consumer market, at the same time the new highly productive varieties capable to produce the original wines are of interest. For possibility of expansion of assortment of industrial viticulture in the Temryuk district of Krasnodar Region the areas for cultivate of the introduced technical grapes varieties of the Greek breeding are selected. These varieties are early bearing and differ in very high productivity (25-30 t/hectare and more). The varieties are undemanding to soils, grow well on poor, dry and lime soils, differ in high drought resistance. In comparison with the zoned technical varieties of the Black Sea area the grapes varieties of the Greek breeding are more winter-hardy, cold-stable and with high stability to mildew, gray decay and an oidium. Due to noted advantages these varieties are of undoubted interest to deeper studying of features of chemical and biochemical grapes com-position to determine a possibility of varieties cultivation in the conditions of the region and for the choice of the direction of their using. In this work the assessment of indexes of the quality of the grapes mash received from the new grapes varieties of the Greek breeding growing in the conditions of the Taman subband of the Krasnodar Region has been carried out. It is shown that the different terms of grapes harvesting considerably influence the mass concentration of sugars in a grapes mash from the studied varieties, however it is not essential changes the titrable acidity of a mash. The results of the analysis we have been compared with an organoleptic assessment of table dry wine materials, and it has allowed to select the new perspective grapes variety of Singros for production of qualitative table white wines.
One of the main reasons for the decline of sowing qualities of seeds and planting material is the presence of various internal defects, such as a hidden injury or damage by pests. The seeds with hidden defects cant be sorted by the sorting machines, and so they are a constant component of all production of seeds batches. These seeds can be detected by X-ray analysis. Microfocus X-ray can be used to control the quality of seeds and to study their internal structure. The purpose of this work is the development of microfocus X-ray technique to determine the quality of fruits and seeds. Voltage, anode current and exposure time are included in the definition of the required zoom factor modes of X-ray apparatus. Mode of microfocus X-ray for control of fruits and seeds different on structure and size was selected. It was confirmed that this technique can be used to inspect the fruit and seeds of various sizes and structure. The method approbation was carried out on a large number of fruits and seeds from the collection of the Botanic Garden of Great Peter (Saint-Petersburg). It has been confirmed that the use of microfocus X-ray technique allows you to quickly select the executed seeds, not affected by pests, and use them for future planting and getting of a greater number of shoots. It was confirmed, that method can be used for analysis of seeds inside of fruits. The prospects for this technique to identify the problems with the collected seeds had been shown.
One of the most important indicators of apple varieties is a quality of fruit. This indicator is determined of varietal specific features, genetic origin of plants, ploidy, and also by meteorological conditions during growing and maturation of fruits, and by the level of agricultural technology and the cultivation region. The objects of our research are varieties and apple crabs of domestic and foreign selection. Apple crabs were obtained from the Maikop Experimental Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant growing, they are a valuable initial material for breeding. Evaluation of fruit quality was carried out for apple varieties and elite forms, selected on a complex of valuable agrobiological signs. The article presents data on the evaluation of fruits quality of 10 varieties and 12 apple crabs from the genetic collection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW in the conditions of the North Caucasus Region. The research were carried out according to the generally accepted programs and methods of breeding and varieties study of fruit crops. Varieties and forms of apple trees on the fruit shape are divided into three groups: oblong, round and flat-round. The sources of large-fruit are selected varieties and elite forms of apple trees: triploids (2n = 3x = 51) of the summer ripening period: Yunona, Soyuz, 44-24-49, 44-24-42-yu, autumn ripening Nocturne; winter ripening Jonagold Prince, Red Jonagold, 44-30-45-v; diploids (2n = 2x = 34) of the autumn ripening Honey Crisp, Auvil Earley, Lubava, Carmen, Fregat, 29-4-110; winter ripening varieties Cameo, Linda, Adams Red Delicious and others. As a result of study carried out, it has been established that ploidy have a significant effect on the sign of large-fruit of summer apple cultivars; and at varieties of autumn and winter ripening the ploidy and varietal specific features influence that sign.
For evaluation of quality and authenticity of wine origin, the complex of different physical-chemical indicators is use in the world. There are the concentrations of free and connected organic acids, glycerin, the qualitative composition of phenol compounds and cations of different metals: in Switzerland Mn, Al, B, Ba, Ρΰ, Mg, Na, Pb, Sr, Zn; in Croatia Al, As, Βe, Li, Sr, Ti, Tl; in Germany Li, B, Mg, Fe, Zn, Sr, Sc, Pb; in Rumania Mn, Cr, Sr, Ag, Ρξ; in the South Republic of Africa Al, Mn, Pb, Ba, W, Tl. Isotopes and their correlations are widely investigated. In this case as the markers those components can be selected whose value to the greatest degree depends on the special features of grapes variety and place of its cultivation. Purpose of the work is a study of the expediency of using the correlations between amino acids as the criterion for evaluation of wine authenticity. It is analyzed 537 versions of white and red table wines, produced in 2012-2016. The mass concentration of amino acids was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis. The possibility of using the corelations between some amino acids as the criterion for evaluation of authenticity of wine is provide. The following correlations are selected on the basis of correlative and regressive analysis as the criteria: the leucine : methionine, the leucine : threonine, the methionine : valine, the methionine : threonine, the proline : tyrosine, the proline : alanine, the tyrosine : alanine and the sum of amino acids : proline. The carried out research have been shown that the value of these correlations varies in the narrow limit of the values independent on the age of wine, and it is determined by the special features of grapes varieties.