Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

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The study of wild-growing vines allows to expand fundamental knowledge about the diversity of the grape gene pool, and wild vines are also studied in order to identify potential sources of resistance to stress factors of growing conditions. Powdery mildew resistance gene Ren1 is one of the few pathogen resistance genes identified in Vitis vinifera. Its presence has also been found in some vines of V. vinifera ssp. silvestris Gmel. The aim of this work was to study wild-growing vines found in the Krasnodar region with DNA markers of Ren1 powdery mildew resistance gene in order to search for potential donors of resistance. The study was conducted on 35 genotypes of wild growing vines, selected at several geographical points of the Krasnodar region along the coastline of the Black Sea and the Kuban River. Polymorphism of Ren1 locus was studied by PCR using cosegregated markers SC8-0071-014 and sc47-18, followed by assessment of the size of amplified fragments by capillary gel electrophoresis on a Nanofor 05 device and statistical processing in the GenAlEx 6.5 program. As a result, in the studied sample of genotypes, a rather high polymorphism was revealed for studied microsatellite loci (SC8-0071-014 � 18 types of alleles, sc47-18 � 8 alleles) � an average of 13 alleles per locus was determined. In the prevailing majority of genotypes, the heterozygous state was determined for the studied loci, which is reflected in the indicators of expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity: the observed values exceed the expected ones. The resistance alleles of Ren1 gene were not found in any of the studied samples of wild grapes.

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The article presents the materials of phenological observations in the period from 2018 to 2021. The objective of the research was to study and identify the features of vegetation of grape interspecific hybrids in the annual cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and practical production. During the research period in 2018-2020, a severe shortage of precipitation and high solar insolation were characteristic, mainly in the second half of the growing season. A characteristic feature of 2021 was a prolonged spring and an abundance of precipitation. Precipitation did not occur uniformly both by year and by month. The obtained average data on the duration of the passage of the main phases of the growing season of introduced varieties and control variety and on the sum of air temperatures above +10 ºC for the vegetational season in 2018-2021 indicate that the duration of the growing season of grapes from budbreak to full physiological maturity of berries is 128 days in the Concord variety with a sum of air temperatures of 2755 ºC, Reliance � 123 days and 2529 ºC, Venus � 129 days and 2760 ºC, in the Brigantina variety � 123 days and 2603 ºC. The feature of the phenology of grape varieties of USA breeding in the conditions of the natural environment of the North-Western zone of the Krasnodar region is that the duration of the vegetation phase from the beginning of veraison to full physiological maturity differs significantly from the other two phases of vegetation: from the beginning of the budbreak to the beginning of flowering and from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of veraison of berries. The variability of phenological cycles over the years is due to unstable weather conditions.

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In order to increase the production of sweet cherry fruits the rootstocks are needed that are suitable for intensive orchards. The purpose of this work is to assess the selected forms of rootstocks for sweet cherry at the reproduction stage in the nursery. Under the conditions of Southern Russia, when plants are cultivated on black soil, a significant reduction in the crown of cherry trees on low-growing rootstocks is often not observed. Therefore, the assessment of breeding material requires the ranking according to habit of cherry of combinations with rootstocks under the conditions where the gardens will be laid. It is also necessary to begin the study of the characteristics of fruit crops combinations already at the stage of reproduction. Studies were conducted in the nursery of EPD �Tsentralnoye� (Krasnodar) during reproduction of the selected forms (4-33, 11-4, 4-39, 4-34, 10-18, 3-39, 11-18, 5-44, 7-42, AI 12, B 72, AI 11, B 164, AI 70, B 1). The combinations of these forms with seed material obtained from Drogana Zheltaya sweet cherry were studied. As a result of the work, the best samples for compatibility with yellow-fruit sweet cherries were identified: 4-33, 11-4, AI 12, 10-14 100 %) and 5-44, 7-42, 4-39, AI 11, AI 70, 10-18 (80-89 %). Genetic-statistic analysis revealed a significant impact of the rootstocks forms the growth and development of sampling. The share of influence in the total dispersion of the signs studied by us ranged from 44.1 % (diameter) to 83.5 % (crown shape). The ranking of combinations of rootstocks with sweet cherry on the growth vigor and diameter of sampling is carried out. The forms with the lowest plant height were selected such as 10-18, 10-14, AI 70. The greatest branching of the sampling was observed in the combinations with 5-44, B72, B1 forms.

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The materials of long-term work on the study of the effect of drugs on the induction of growth-correcting effects for rootstock cuttings are presented. The research was carried out in Anapa-Taman area on the rootstock uterine plantation and the new plantation of AF �Uyzhnaya� of the Temryuk District of the Krasnodar Region, in the Center of Collective Use of FSCHVW (Krasnodar) and in the laboratory of nursery and quality control of Anapa ZESV&W. The task of the research is to find out the effect of plant nutrients in foliar top dressing the growth and development of cuttings as well as the dynamics of the processes of growth and development of grape saplings. The object of the study were the uterine rootstock plantings of the Kober 5BB variety, as well as grafted cuttings and saplings of the technical Aligote variety grafted on the Kober 5BB rootstock. As preparations were used: complex organic-mineral fertilizer and forth preparation with Zn, B, Fe, Cu apart. According to the set of regenerative activity indicators, the most effective drug for inducing the growth-correcting effects is �the variant of Boron�, under the influence of which the objects of the study have the greatest indicators of shoots and roots development. This variant is better taking account the indexes of survival and getting of seedlings from the uterine grape plantations. Using the method of microfocus radiography, it was possible to establish that, on average, 90 % of seedlings have adhesions of grafted components without anomalies in all variants of experiment, which indicates the high quality of the obtained grafted saplings. The effective impact of bioeffective drugs the callus formation, the development of grafted cuttings in the first plantations, and the yield of grafted grape saplings is confirmed.