Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The natural edaphoclimatic conditions of the Republic of Dagestan are favorable for growing grapes of different ripening periods and different directions of use. The cultivated assortment in the region is mainly represented by introduced varieties, but the potential of local varieties is much higher, so in the future viticulture should rely on local, highly adaptive, high-quality, consistently productive and advanced varieties that give exclusive wine products. The breeding renewal of the domestic grape assortment will allow to successfully solve the problems of import substitution in the viticulture industry of the Republic of Dagestan. The selection of elite grape seedlings took place on the basis of five-year studies. The main criterion for the selection of elite seedlings is stable yield capacity, plant resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to the root form of phylloxera. The created hybrid fund of grapes will serve as a basis for improving breeding work in accordance with the objectives of research. The purpose of the research is to breed high-quality, relatively resistant to phylloxera and fungal diseases, varieties adapted to edaphoclimatic conditions. The varieties should have varietal flavor, the optimal ratio of sugar content and acidity in berry juice, high content of biologically active substances. In the conditions of Dagestan, the Pervenets Magaracha variety shows high adaptability and yield capacity. This variety is widely involved in the breeding program of crosses of the station as a donor of stability. Agrobiological study of hybrid forms of grapes was carried out in the hybrid nursery of DBESV&VG. The article presents an agrobiological and economic and technological assessment of elite seedlings of the station�s new breeding, bred by hybridization of native varieties and the PervenetsMagaracha variety as a donor of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The selected elite seedling 13-6-13 (Khatmi x Pervenets Magaracha) is distinguished by high quality indicators, showed biological endurance in hybrid nursery against a strong infectious background for phylloxera and fungal diseases. The use of the PervenetsMagaracha variety in the breeding of new varieties, with the involvement of Dagestan native varieties, allows obtaining genotypes with high resistance to diseases and pests of grapes in Dagestan.

Annotation

Based on exhaustive research, it is proposed the methods for efficient stability control of ampelocenosis under the conditions of anthropogenic intensification of production, and weather anomalies. The studies were performed under the agroecological conditions of acute shortage of rainfall, and high solar insolation and air temperature of moderately continental climate of the South of Russia in the industrial plantations with the most wide-spread grape varieties using the modern field and laboratory methods. For sustainable viticulture in the Krasnodar Region 5 agro- ecological zones and 47 sub-areas are allocated using digital soil maps, maps of isotherms and isohyets. Each subzone is characterized by the uniformity of the site soil, temperature and rainfall and is the basis for the formation of the terroir and quality winemaking as well as for optimization of zonally oriented assortment and technologies. It is proposed the optimized scheme and the planting density of vines, their load by shoots using as a model the Rhine Riesling variety; regime of plant top dressing with minerals in combination with biologically active components, including saline soils. The biological and technology of reversibility of degradation changes in the ampelocenoses soil based on the energy biomaterial is grounded. The methods of stability control of own-rooted vineyards to the quarantine vermin � phylloxera root using the physiologically active substances. The positive influence of the proposed methods for the efficient use of renewable natural resources (light, heat, water, food) in the vine production process is revealed. The increase in the level of implementation capacities of economic productivity and improving the quality of grapes and vine production is noted. The applying of the proposed methods i ncreased in production, agro-ecological and edaphic stability of ampelocenoses.

Annotation

The aim of the work is to identify the effect of joint application of jasmonic acid with promising physiologically active compounds of various mechanisms of action on the biochemical characteristics of grape roots in connection with resistance to phylloxera. The work was carried out on the production and experimental basis of the DSTSVH branch of the CFSCHVW. The object of research is annual plants of the grape varieties Bianca, Rkatsiteli, Moldova, Agadai, Pervenets Magaracha, Decemberskiy, Podarok Magaracha, Antey Magaracskiy, Cober 5 BB, two-years Agadai plants against the background of phylloxera; physiologically active substances of various mechanisms of action: FAS-1-JSAS; FAS-2-NAS; FAS-3-EAS; FAS-4-JAS (jasmonic acid). The influence of jasmonic acid the processes of grape resistance to the vermin when used separately and in combination with JSAC, NAS and EAS preparations was studied. The nature of changes in the BAS content in the roots during phylloxera attack and FAS treatment in tolerant grape varieties has been studied, which allows us to get closer to understanding the mechanism of resistance formation at the biochemical level. Grape varieties that are tolerant to root phylloxera have different biochemical and hormonal statuses outside of vermin infection, which change to varying degrees in response to phylloxera infection and FAS treatment. The results of research indicate that carbohydrate, amino acid, and phenolic metabolism is associated and involved in the process of response and adaptation of the grape plant to the vermin with the corresponding hormonal status, but it is not unambiguous and unidirectional. Effects of the use of ZHAS (increasing the content of ABA, aromatic amino acids, tyrosine and phenylalanine, which are the basis of the shikimate metabolic pathway), allow to suggest an increase in the action of JSAC + NAS + EAS on the resistance of grapes to root phylloxera.

Annotation

It is suggested that the effect of drugs as chemical substances with physiological activity at the molecular and cellular levels may be identical or similar for animal and plant organisms due to common targets of drugs, in particular, such as ion channels and enzymes. Research on the search for substances whose use at a certain critical stage of organogenesis of generative organs of a particular seed grape variety can induce embryo abortion and seedless berries without negatively affecting the conducting system of the grape comb, the degree of lignification of the comb, and the shedding of seedless berries is of relevance. An important condition and requirement for these drugs should be the environmental and biomedical safety of their use. The purpose of research is to screen physiologically active substances of pharm phytohormonal activity and are promising for use in viticulture. The research was carried out on the plantations of grapes Closed Joint-Stock Company them Sh. Aliyev (2004-2005) of the Republic of Daghestan and experimental basis of DSTSVH � branch NCFSCHVW (2017-2019). The object of research � the generative grape organs of Agadai and Moldova varieties, which occupies a large area in the Republic of Daghestan. The influence of pharmacological preparations isolated at the stage of virtual screening on the development of ovary elements when used at the stage of pollination (blossoming) and post-fertilization (7 days after mass blossoming) was studied. The standard was classical growth regulators with different mechanisms of action � analogs of phytohormones. Screening and initial assessment of the pharmacological drugs effect of various classes the generative grape organs were carried out. A stimulating effect the weight of berries was found levamisole (+11%), dibazole (+18 %), mercazolil (+32%), methyluracil (+41 %) and ranitidine (+60%) during post- fertilization treatment. Treatment by pyrantel and nifedipine of inflorescences at the stage of pollination reduces the number of seeds and their weight in the berries, which leads to increasing a seed index of Agadai variety by 2.5 times Nifedipin increases in seed index Moldova variety by 1.5 times. Pharmacological preparations can be promising for use in the technology for obtaining the seedless berries, speeding up the beginning of crop maturation, increasing in the yield and quality of seed grapes without adversely affecting the commercial value, environmental and biomedical safety of products.

Annotation

In article the main attention is paid to esti-mation of damage degree of different sub-tropical fruit crops under winter frost in 2012 in the Southern Dagestan conditions