Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The introduction of digital technologies in agriculture is becoming relevant, as well as in other industry branches. Dig-ital technology is essential for gardeners to optimize productivity, increase in manageability of horticultural operations, and increase profitability. Currently, in Russia only 10 % of the land is cultivated using the digital technologies, the non-use of new technologies leads to a loss of up to 40 % of the crop. Considering the need to overcome the technological lag behind developed countries, it is assumed that the share of the digital technology market in agriculture will grow every year, and to 2026 the market of information and computer technologies in the industry should grow at least in five times. The Ministry of Agriculture intend to confirm the Digital Agriculture program at the government level for its inclusion in the Digital Economy program. All the achievements in the world in the field of digital technology, from robot-farmers to automated green-houses, may become the part of the future, when in 2050 almost 10 billion people will live on the planet, and therefore the world needs to increase food production to meet needs of the population, and perhaps just new digital technologies will help to achieve this goal. The use of robot technics in the production of fruit crops will lead to the possibility of planting more intensive gardens with a compacted scheme and the corresponding formation of tree crowns for the convenience of managing the processes in the garden, which will ensure high yield. The article presents a brief analysis of literary sources on modern digital technologies and examines the recent global developments in the field of precision gardening and the advantages of their implementation.

Annotation

In 2022-2023, in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Krasnodar region (OOO �Abrau-Durso�, Novorossiysk), an agrobiological study of the effectiveness of using foliar top dressing of grapes with aqueous solutions of the BioconcentrateZ effluent was carried out using field experience. A new, environmentally friendly, safe organic fertilizer was obtained using a biotechnological method of metangeneration with the participation of anaerobic bacteria by-products of animal husbandry, as well as compost mixtures based on them with plant biomass. In accordance with the characteristics of the composition of the drug, "Bioconcentrate-Z" consists mainly of humic and fulvic acids. The fertilizer also contains a complex of macro- and microelements, phytohormones (in micro quantities), growth regulators, strains of living rhizospheric soil microorganisms, amino acids. The drug is non-toxic, does not contain heavy metals, meets the requirements of GOST 33380-2015 "Organic fertilizers. The effluent. Technical conditions", is intended for use in the system of organic and biologized agriculture based on international standards of organic agriculture. As a result of studying the effectiveness of foliar treatment of grape plants with the "Bioconcentrate Z" effluent, the prospects of using the method of increasing plant stability and productivity against the background of the negative influence of abiotic factors according to the criteria were revealed: assimilation and metabolic activity of plants, economic productivity, dynamics of accumulation of dry substances by berries, commercial quality of the yield. Against the background of the use of the drug, in comparison with the control variant (without treatments), a higher assimilation activity of leaves during the summer period of photosynthesis depression, an increase in the content of organic acids, phenolic compounds, f ree amino acids, including the osmoprotector proline, was established. The increase in yield in 2022 and 2023 was obtained mainly due to an increase in the number of fruiting shoots per bush and the mass of the bunch due to its higher density.

Annotation

In 2016-2022, the effectiveness of the systematic use of foliar treatments of Merlot and Chardonnay grape varieties with aqueous solutions of biomineral preparations was investigated in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Gelendzhik subzone of the Krasnodar region. The modernness of the research is due to the innovative composition of the preparations used, which are an energy reserve for plants, combining the properties of an inducer of immunity and a source of mineral nutrition. The research methodology is focused on solving the practical problem of optimizing the nutritional regime and stabilizing the functional state of the grape plant, which determine the weight and quality of the crop. In this regard, the solution of scientific and practical tasks was carried out using the biological method (single-factor field experiment), as well as measuring and weighing, biometric, laboratory, comparative calculation methods. The effectiveness of systemic use of biomineral preparations in ampelocenosis by a foliar method was evaluated according to the criteria: the load of the bush with fruiting shoots, the number of inflorescences per bush, the functional state of plants, seasonal dynamics of shoot growth, bunch weight, yield capacity, qualitative characteristics of the yield, economic component. It was found that systematically applied preparations contributed to an increase in the number of fruiting shoots per bush in the Merlot variety by 11-28 % in 2018-2021 and in the Chardonnay variety by 4-16% in 2016-2021 in comparison with the control variant (without foliar application). The number of buds with the highest productivity against the background of foliar treatments of plants was higher by 4.2-5.3%. The tendency to exceed the number of inflorescences per bush persisted in plants throughout the study period. A decrease in fruit cast by 5-7 % was revealed. There was an increase in the content of physiologically active substances in the leaves of shoots. The analysis of the dynamics of grape yield capacity allowed us to consider the reception of foliar treatment as a way to realize the potential productivity of plants in unstable environmental conditions. The mass of the bunch annually exceeded the values of the indicator in the control variant by 2.3-16.5% (Merlot grape variety) and 3.8-21.9% (Chardonnay grape variety). The sugar content of berry juice was higher by 1.5-2.7 g/100 cm3.

Annotation

The article presents the results of agrobiological and physiological-biochemical studies to ensure the stability of grape plantations in unstable weather conditions and anthropogenic intensification of production. Studies in the agroecological conditions of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems revealed the most productive norm of loading of grape bushes with shoots for the technical varieties Kurchanskiy, Dmitriy, Vladimir, Granatovyi, Antaris and Alkor, on leached chernozems � for the table seedless variety Centennial Seedless. According to the results of electrophoretic separation of peroxidases in polyacrylamide gel and an increased content of ascorbic acid, increased frost resistance was established in the varieties Kristall, Vostorg, Krasnostop AZOS. The Vostorg and Zarif varieties proved to be more adaptive to the stresses of the summer period in terms of leaf hydration, bound water content, the ratio of chlorophylls and carotenoids, the amount of proline and water-soluble sugars, membrane permeability. The role of physiologically active substances in increasing the adaptive potential of grape plants has been established. The treatment of Merlot vines with methyl jasmonate and epibrassinolide during deep dormancy period, as well as proline, salicylic acid and epibrassinolide during induced dormancy period had a positive effect on the condition of the vine: there was a decrease in electrolyte yield. Sustainable grape cultivation is achieved with the systemic use of the �Bioconcentrate-Z� effluent by the non-root method. Against the background of nonroot treatments of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties, a higher level of plant water supply, an increase in potassium content, green pigments, organic acids and grape yields were established. Physiologically active compounds and the preparation Turinbash have a positive effect in intensive own-root plantations of native and promising introduced grape varieties against the background of phylloxera infection in the southern part of Dagestan. The created yield forecasting method based on the NDVI of the grape plant and the actual data of multispectral images of the phenophases of flowering and growth allows to increase the accuracy of the calculated yield capacity to the actual one with a deviation from 0 to 0.8 kg per bush, the accuracy of the forecast increases by 2 times by the end of the growth phase and by the beginning of the maturation phase.