Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The reaction norm of grapes of introduced varieties convar pontica negr Rkatsiteli and Saperavi in terms of yield capacity parameters to the variability of weather conditions has been established. The stud-ies were carried out in the period from 1997 to 2011 in unstable conditions of a moder-ate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture subzone (BS1, Taman Peninsula) of the Krasnodar region on southern chernozems. By the years of research, the air temperature varied in a wide range: from 7.2 to 24.4 during budbreak, shoot and inflorescences growth; from 15.5 to 23.3 during flower-ing; from 19.2 to 28.7 during active growth of grape berries; from 16.6 to 25.6 during grape ripening; from 5.8 to 28.7 ºC during vegetation. In some years, the temperature went beyond the optimal values and reached a critical level. The absolute max-imum temperature during the period of active growth of grapes raised to +38 ºC. The studied varieties experienced stress three times during wintering with a de-crease in the minimum air temperature in 1997 and 2002 to 20 ºC, 2006 � -24 ºC. The reaction norm according to the yield capacity parameters of the Rkatsiteli grape variety is 77, Saperavi � 113 c/ha in unsta-ble weather conditions. The modification variability of the yield capacity of grapes of the Rkatsiteli and Saperavi varieties was most influenced by the air tempera-ture from the second decade of June to the end of August during the period of active growth of grape berries starting immedi-ately after flowering (r = -0.69, -0.22). The average and moderate dependence of yield capacity was also on the minimum temperature in June-October of the previ-ous year (r = -0.48, -0.51). This relation-ship is determined by favorable conditions for the initiation and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences for the next year's yield. The relationship of yield capacity with the total precipitation was noted during the period of active growth of grape berries (June-August). The effect of precipitation on the yield capacity at other times was insignificant.

Annotation

Clonal breeding of grapes is one of the methods of variety improvement, which allows to identify the genetic variations of the variety most adapted to climatic and soil growing conditions. More than three thousand clones have been registered in the world, most of which are 1.5 times more productive than mother plantations. The search for adapted genotypes to the agro-climatic conditions of the Temryuk region is a promising task, since about 30 % of grape plantations in the Krasnodar region are located in this area. Higher productivity of clonal breeding can be expected when working with varieties of old origin. Saperavi is an ancient Georgian grape variety, one of the best Georgian varieties for winemaking. The purpose of our research is to isolate new clones of the Saperavi variety, adapted to local growing conditions. An analysis of the climatic conditions of the Temryuk region indicates an increase in the aridity of the territory (the period of 1991-2020 compared to 1961-2020), an increase in the average absolute maximum air temperature and an increase in the frequency of temperatures below minus 20 ºC. In the Temryuk region, in industrial plantations of the Saperavi variety, an expeditionary survey was carried out to identify bushes for inclusion in further study as candidates for clones of the Saperavi variety. As a result of the survey, according to a complex of positive characteristics, 4 bushes were identified for further observations and records. The selected samples according to the microsatellite DNA profile correspond to the Saperavi variety. Experimental samples of grapes were used in the preparation of red table wines by fermentation of the must on the pulp in the micro-winemaking department. All experimental samples of Saperavi wines had similar values in the concentrations of sugars and titrated acids. The mass concentration of the given extract in the experimental samples of dry wines was in the range of 26.1-28.8 g/dm3.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the study of the embryonic fruitfulness of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties. The work was carried out in the Central agroecological zone of the Krasnodar region in 2020 and 2021. The average air temperature from May to September in 2020 was +22.0 ºC, in 2021 � +21.7 ºC. During the embryonic inflorescence formation, the average temperature in 2020 was +22.1 ºC, in 2021 � +20.2 ºC. The maximum air temperature during this period in 2020 was +35 ºC, in 2021 � +32 ºC. In 2020, 56.9 and 55.1 % of the buds of the Gurman Kraynova and Viktor varieties contained embryonic inflorescences, 10.3 % and 14.8 % of the buds had two or more inflorescences, 5.6 % and 2 % were dead, respectively. The coefficient of embryonic fruitfulness k1 in both varieties was the same, 0.63, the coefficient of fruitfulness k2 was 1.15 in the Viktor variety, 1.1 � in the Gurman Kraynova variety. In 2021, with a decrease in the average and maximum air temperature by 1.9 and 3 ºC relative to 2021, the proportion of fruitful buds in the Gurman Kraynova variety decreased to 51.6 %, with two or more inflorescences increased to 24.2 %. In the Viktor variety, the values of both indicators increased to 71.4 % and 33.3 %, respectively. The fruitfulness coefficient k1 in the Gurman Kraynova variety has hardly changed, in the Viktor variety it has grown to 0.95. The fruitfulness coefficients k2 were 1.24 and 1.33, respectively. The Gurman Kraynova variety has the most productive zone on the shoot from 5 to 10 buds, the Viktor variety � from 4 to 8. For the Gurman Kraynova variety, pruning of shoots for 10-11 buds is recommended for the harvest of 2022, for the Viktor variety � for 8-9 buds.

Annotation

The article presents the materials of phenological observations in the period from 2018 to 2021. The objective of the research was to study and identify the features of vegetation of grape interspecific hybrids in the annual cycle of ontogenesis for their use in breeding and practical production. During the research period in 2018-2020, a severe shortage of precipitation and high solar insolation were characteristic, mainly in the second half of the growing season. A characteristic feature of 2021 was a prolonged spring and an abundance of precipitation. Precipitation did not occur uniformly both by year and by month. The obtained average data on the duration of the passage of the main phases of the growing season of introduced varieties and control variety and on the sum of air temperatures above +10 ºC for the vegetational season in 2018-2021 indicate that the duration of the growing season of grapes from budbreak to full physiological maturity of berries is 128 days in the Concord variety with a sum of air temperatures of 2755 ºC, Reliance � 123 days and 2529 ºC, Venus � 129 days and 2760 ºC, in the Brigantina variety � 123 days and 2603 ºC. The feature of the phenology of grape varieties of USA breeding in the conditions of the natural environment of the North-Western zone of the Krasnodar region is that the duration of the vegetation phase from the beginning of veraison to full physiological maturity differs significantly from the other two phases of vegetation: from the beginning of the budbreak to the beginning of flowering and from the beginning of flowering to the beginning of veraison of berries. The variability of phenological cycles over the years is due to unstable weather conditions.

Annotation

The article presents experimental data confirming the production variability of table grape variety Viktor during biological manipulation with a living plant organism and its organs. Field studies were carried out in the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The planting scheme of bushes 3.8 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high- standard two-armed cordon, rootstock is Berlandieri × Riparia SO4. The average annual air temperature is 12.5�13.0 ºC, the sum of active temperatures is 3900-4100 ºC, the maximum air temperature during the growing season is plus 40 ºC, air temperature in winter drops to minus 30 ºC. The annual precipitation is 700-800 mm. The soils are low-humus, leached powerful chernozems. In such agroecological conditions, the Viktor grape variety has a high production responsiveness to the optimization of the structural elements of the bush. There is a change in the mass of the bunch and the yield of grapes, depending on the load of the bushes with shoots and bunches. The largest weight of a bunch is formed at an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and is 0.777 kg. The correlation dependence of the average weight of a bunch of grapes of the Victor variety on the number of shoots on the bushes is moderate, r = 0.3. The yield capacity of grapes, including commercial ones, tends to decrease with a decrease in the load of bushes with shoots and bunches. The highest yield capacity of grapes was at the highest load of bushes with shoots (26-30 pieces/bush) and bunches (17-20 pieces/bush) and amounted to 18.19 t/ha. The correlation dependence of yield capacity on the load of bushes with shoots and bunches is medium and strong, r = 0.68 and r = 0.71, respectively. The share of commercial grapes is high, on average 92 %. The largest share of the commercial grape yield, 96 %, was in the variants with an average load of bushes with shoots (21-24 pieces/bush) and an average load of bunches (13-15 pieces/bush) and amounted to 13.5 t/ha.