Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The study of grape growth processes is an urgent area of research in view of their close relationship with the productivity and quality of grapes. And the establishment of the influence of such an important agrotechnical parameter as planting density is a prerequisite for obtaining a consistently high and high-quality grape yield. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of planting density on growth processes, productivity and quality of grapes and wine from the Riesling Rhenish variety in unstable weather conditions in the south of Russia. As a result of the work, the growth processes of Riesling Rhenish grape plants were studied, the dependence of productivity and quality on planting density was established. It was found that in the conditions of the Black Sea agroecological zone of viticulture with increased insolation and insufficient moisture supply, the most active growth processes and biological stability of grape plants in plantings are observed at a planting density of 2222 pcs/ha (3.0 x 1.5 m). With the crowding of plantings, the length of one-year growth decreases by 7.3-28.9 cm and the leaf surface area of grape bushes also decreases. Thus, with an increase in density by 1.3 times from 1666 to 2222 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 1.4 times, and with an increase in density by 2 times from 1666 to 3333 bushes per hectare, the leaf area decreases by 2.5 times. High productivity of Riesling Rhenish grapes is achieved with a planting density of 2222 and 3333 bushes per hectare. At the same time, the quality indicators of grape berries are at a high level, the tasting score is 7.93-7.94 points.

Annotation

The limits of the modification variability of the phenotypic trait � the grape yield of the introduced varieties Occidentalis negr. Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay have been established. The studies were carried out according to observations for the period from 1997 to 2011 in the changeable weather conditions of the moderate continental climate of the Black Sea zone of the first viticulture sub-zone (BS1) of the Krasnodar region on the southern chernozems. In the studied area, the average annual air temperature for the 15-year observation period was +12.3 ºC, during budbreak (April) � +10.9 ºC, vegetation (April � September) � +19.5 ºC, active growth of grape berries (II June � III August) � +23.9 ºC, ripening berries (III August � II September) � +20.7 ºC. For individual years, the temperature varied in the range of +11.0�13.7 º�, during budbreak +8.3�13.4 º�, during the growing season +18.4�21.0 º�, active berry growth +22.5�25.8 º�, grape ripening +19.6�22.0 º�. The studied grape varieties annually experienced stress from the maximum air temperature during the period of active growth of grapes (+34�38 ºC) and four times from the minimum during forced rest (-20�-24 ºC). Variations in weather conditions caused variability of modification phenotypic traits in grape plants. Paired correlation analysis showed that the modification variability of grape yield capacity was most influenced by the temperature of the air in April, in general during the growing season � in April-August, the minimum for June-November of the previous year. The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon correlates with the temperature in April to a moderate degree (r = -0.43, -0.44), Chardonnay to an average degree (r = -0.54), Cabernet Sauvignon in April-August to an average degree (r = -0.54), Pinot Blanc to a moderate degree (r = -0.30). The yield capacity of Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay varieties have an average dependence on the minimum temperature in June-November of the previous year (r = 0.51). The reaction rate of the phenotypic trait � yield capacity of Cabernet Sauvignon grape variety is 137 c/ha, Pinot Blanc � 87 c/ha, Chardonnay � 86 c/ha.

Annotation

Domestic varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors with high profitability in production are needed to replace the introduced table grape varieties. The aim of this research was to study promising hybrid forms of grapes in grafted and own-rooted culture in the conditions of the Central agroecological zone of viticulture of the Krasnodar region. The objects were hybrids of grapes Vitis L. Agat Dubovskiy, Akello, Ispolin, Kishmish Dubovskiy. The control variety was Livia. Rootstock � Berlandieri x Riparia SO4. The planting scheme of the bushes was 4.0 × 2.0 m, the formation of bushes is a high-standard two-armed cordon, drip irrigation. The climate is moderately continental, the average annual air temperature is +12.5 ...+13.0 ºC, the maximum reaches +40 ºC, the absolute minimum temperature is -28...-30 ºC. The sum of active air temperatures is equal to 3900 ...4100 ºC. The total precipitation is 700-800 mm. The studies were carried out using generally accepted field, laboratory and statistical methods. According to phenological observations, variety and hybrids were distinguished by three maturation periods according to the international classification � very early Livia (112 days) and Akello (114 days), medium Agat Dubovskiy (142 days) and Ispolin (145 days) and medium-late Kishmish Dubovskiy (148 days). The phenology of grafted and own-rooted plants differed slightly. Livia variety and hybrids required from 2467 ºC to 3243 ºC for vegetation. According to agrobiological indicators � the number of fruiting shoots, inflorescences, fruitfulness coefficients � grafted hybrid forms are more productive than the control variety and their own-rooted analogues, with the exception of Kishmish Dubovskiy, whose fruitfulness Coefficients are similar in the grafted and own-rooted culture and are close to the control values. The relative water content (RWC) of grafted and own-rooted plants is above 80 %, which means a normally hydrated leaf.

Annotation

This paper presents the results of agrobiological and uvological assessment of new grape varieties of breeding in Germany and Russia cultivated under the agro-ecological conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia. The studies were carried out using modern field research methods for viticulture in atypical weather c onditions in 2019. As an object of research, a grape variety of German origin Monarch and a domestic hybrid Gift of Dmitry, were used. These technical forms were selected for research as they are characterized by high biological indicators, and give a good harvest of grape berries even in adverse years for their cultivation. Also they have signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors typical for the unstable and stressful climate of the Western Ciscaucasia. Under the unstable weather conditions of 2019, in the Black Sea zone, according to the main indicators of productivity, an agrobiological and uvological assessment of the introduced German Monarch variety and the domestic promising hybrid Dmitriy Podarok was carried out against the background of control of the domestic Saperavi Severny grape variety. The results of assessment carried out by us showed that the studied objects indicated high agrobiological indexes under stressful climatic conditions of Western Siscaucasia zone. For the same conditions, a uvological assessment of the bunches of the studied forms was carried out. The data obtained by us in the process of these research should be considered as preliminary data in relation to the atypical agroecological conditions of 2019. To get the deeper and well based conclusions, research in this field will be continued.

Annotation

Western European varieties dominate in the vineyards of Southern Russia. It is also known that zone-oriented assortments are one of the most effective biological methods for managing the production process of grapes. Grape varieties and clones are the most adapted and more fully realize their potential under the agro-climatic conditions where they were created. For this reason, it is necessary to include local selection varieties in the domestic assortment. The article presents the results of three years research on agrobiological assessment and identification of the most promising new hybrid genotypes of NCFSCHVW breeding for the AnapaTaman viticulture zone of the Krasnodar Territory. Hybrid forms of grapes with uncolored berries were studied: Tana 19 (Zala Dandy × Beisug), Tana 72 (Seyve Villard 12-309 × Muscat Kuban), Tana 73 (Muscat Kuban × Vertesh Chilaga), Tana 74 (Seyve Villard 12-309 × Muscat Kuban ), Tana 82 (Madeleine Angevine × Villard Blanc), Tana 90 (Zala Dandy × Beisug), Tana 92 (Zala Dandy × Mtsvane), growing on the Anapa ampelographic collection. The classic Rhine Riesling grape variety was used as control. Agrobiological accountings were carried out according to the method of M.A. Lazarevsky. To assess the influence of the genotype of hybrid forms and the growing year conditions on the considered characteristics, a dispersion analysis was used. As a result of the study of grape hybrid forms, the genotypes with the most realized potential were identified under the conditions of Anapa-Taman viticulture zone. The forms of Tana 19 and Tana 92 differed in the highest productivity. The statistically significant influence of the genotype on the expression of this trait was shown. Lower than the control bushes Rhine Riesling, the yield was noted in the grape forms of Tana 74, Tana 72, Tana 90.