Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Breeding and production of planting material
The article present the results of studies on the growth stimulating effect of the Chaetomium sp. on fungi the survival and development of grape sapling. In the study of a possible growthstimulating effect of p. Chaetomium sp is found that the survival of all grape varieties under study in the experiment exceeded the control variant. The best indicator is in the Dostoyny variety. The growth and development of saplings was better in the variant with the use of microorganisms. The average shoot length of the Kubanets grape variety in the experimental variants of 1 and 2 (100 ml/m2 and 200 ml/m2 of preparation) exceeded the control by 15.1 and 13.3 cm, respectively. In the Gordy variety, the difference between the control variant and the variants with the use of microorganisms was 12.8 and 16.5 cm. The smallest difference between these variants of experiment on the average growth length of shoots was noted in the Dostoyny variety. The study of the growth characteristics of the sapling root system in the variants with the introduction of preparation based on the fungus of the p. Chaetomium sp. showed that statistically significantly increases the total number of roots in the Dostoyny variety. In the Kubanets variety, a significant difference was noted only between option 1 and control. The Gordy variety on this index did not have a significant difference in the experimental options. The output of saplings that meet the quality standard, in variants using the preparation based on p. Chaetomium sp. microorganisms, compared with the control variant, the Dostoyny and Kubanets varieties were the largest, which in the industrial technology for the production of grafted saplings will have a significant economical effect. In terms of indicators, the most responsive to the use of the studied preparation were the varieties of Kubanets and Dostoyny.
Grape plants are damaged by numerous vermins, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. They often suffer from adverse soil and weather conditions. The annual loss of the grape harvest is about 30 %, and in case of untimely or poor-quality protective measures, the loss reach more than 50 %. Grape diseases are divided into infectious and noninfectious. Of infectious diseases, the most harmful are mildew, oidium, anthracnose, gray and white rot. The main way to combat the infectious plant diseases is traditionally use of chemicals. The use of fungicides, insecticides and similar artificial preparations is a deterioration of the environmental situation, a violation of the natural balance, and an increase in content of harmful substances in the production of grape seedlings. The experiments are carried out and as a result of which we can conclude that the use of some temperature regimes and saturation of vaccinations with macro- and microfertilizers can be successfully used to combat conidia of gray rot. These results of studies prove the effectiveness of the combined use of Albit in a concentration of 0,2 % at a temperature of 45-50 ºC for 10 minutes. This exposure allows you to free the grape plants from gray rot. The yield of affected seedlings is 0,2 %, while in the control when treated with quinosol, the number of seedlings with visible gray rot lesions was 28 %. To find a way to get rid of the gray rot of grape grafts during stratification under the conditions of stressful high temperatures, while saturating them with macro- and microelements is an actual task of this area of research.
For creation of lasting and highly productive plantations with promising grape varieties and clones, transition to laying of industrial plantations with the certified planting stock is necessary. In ARRIN@W named after Ya.I. Potapenko since 1992 the works to perfect the method of grapes improvement and microreproduction are carring out. Most narrow point of technology of clonal microreproduction are stages of adaptation to unsterile conditions, growing of the revitalized plants and their planting to the open soil for laying of basic uterine grape plantations. Now laying of basic uterine plantings of grapes on sandy array of the Ust-Donetsky region of the Rostov Region proceeds. The sandy array for laying of basic uterine grape plantings is chosen for risk reduction connected with spreading of the malicious vermin phylloxera. Researches and observations on basic uterine grape plantations have been made since 2004 under the conditions of Lower Kundryuchensky Department of the experimental ground now entering into CCU "The Don Ampelographic Collection of Ya.I. Potapenko". The plot is located in the territory of the Donetsk and Kundryuchensky sandy array which occupies the space about 15 thousand hectares between the Kundryuchya and Donts Rivers (near its mouth). The results of creation of basic uterine grape plantations of the rootstock and scion grape varieties revitalized in vitro culture are given. The problems which are often found on sandy soils and the ways of their decision are shown. The questions of planting of the revitalized grape plants under the conditions of greenhouses and the open soil are considered; the optimum terms and ways of their landing. The efficiency of different types of fertilizers is revealed. On the basis of generalizing of long-term data, the optimal solutions and technology of laying of basic uterine grape plantations from the revitalized in vitro of planting stock of grapes under the conditions of sandy array are developed and proposed. With the using of the developed ways and keeping the uterine plantations of grapes, survival of plants in the field conditions increased on average from 75 up to 95 %.
The work gives an agrobiological assessment of various methods of growing self-root grape saplings. The influence of growth stimulators the rooting of grape cuttings and, therefore, increasing in the yield of high-quality saplings in the treatment of their basal ends has been studied. The use of growth stimulants during vegetative reproduction of grapes activates regeneration processes in grape cuttings, improves the development of roots and their engraftability in open soil schools. The engraftability of grape cuttings in school primarily depends on activity of the root formation process, since only the roots are able to absorb the water and mineral substances dissolved in it from the soil and direct them to their growth points. Now it has been established that any delay in the formation of roots in grape cuttings planted in schools leads to the rapid consumption of spare nutrients and water contained in the wood tissues, which are used in large quantities for the growth of shoots and leaves. This leads to the rapid drying of tissues and the death of grape cuttings planted in the school. When using shortened grape cuttings for reproduction, it becomes especially important to study techniques and methods that accelerate root formation in the cuttings, since such cuttings, due to the small volume of wood, have a smaller supply of nutrients and water. In this regard, the creation of conditions accelerating the passage of biochemical and physiological processes in the cutting tissues and directly affecting the regeneration processes, which means that their root formation and engraftment in the school is a primary task.
The development of new nature-like agrobiotechnologies in nursery breeding, which increase the biological potential of plants based on the use of mechanisms of symbiotic interaction (AM-symbiosis) of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and fruit plants, contributes to improving the quality of planting material of fruit crops. The effect of mycorrhization of apple nursery plants with a biological preparation based on symbiotic fungi of arbuscular mycorrhiza Glomus sp. on the growth, early maturity and productivity of Prikubanskoe apple variety on the dwarf rootstock of SK 7 was studied. The regularities of changes in growth and production processes in apple trees laid with planting material with mycorrhization of rootstocks in the nursery are established. The balance of growth and production processes changed in favor of the latter: the diameter of the stem of 7-year-old trees with mycorrhiza was 11.8-17.6 % smaller, and the height of the trees was 5.5-7.2 % smaller compared to the control. The yield of treated trees for 4 years of fruiting was higher (28.4 kg/tree compared to 26.7 kg/tree in control). According to the complex of indicators, the best variant is application of a biological product at a dose of 2.0 g/plant. The use in industrial gardening of apple tree planting material with a mycorrhizal root system increases the level of realization of its production potential: the specific productivity of the experimental trees in the best variant was (calculated for 4 years) 1.79 kg/cm2 of the cross-sectional area of the stem in comparison with 1.31 kg/cm2 of the control variant. A new agricultural approach is the mycorrhization of apple tree planting material with a biological preparation of Glomus sp. arbuscular mycorrhiza. It is an innovative nature-like biologized element of the technology of growing apple nursery plants, has a prolonged effect and contributes to the early maturity and greater productivity of grafted trees.