Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Creation and cultivation of economically feasible and environmentally safe orchard, especially important in a market economy. An important task for expanding the area of cultivation of subtropical fruit crops, in particular, oriental persimmon, is to increase the frost resistance of varieties and obtain planting material with a well-developed root system. In the fruits of subtropical crops (persimmon, fig, feijoa, black olive) with valuable medicinal and dietary properties, the sugar content (mainly fructose) is several times higher than that of conventional fruit crops (apple, pear, plum). Oriental persimmon fruits contain 0.025-0.0415 mg % of vitamin P, 0.15-11.8 mg % of carotenoid, l100-530 mg% of leucoanthocyanin, 45.6 mg% of vitamin �. Three types of persimmons have become widespread in Dagestan, - date plum persimmon with a well-developed fibrous root system, common persimmon with high frost resistance and oriental persimmon with high commodity fruit qualities. The idea to combine all three types of persimmon in one plant using vegetative hybridization was implemented in work: date plum persimmon (rootstock), oriental persimmon (scion) and common persimmon (intercalary insert). The resulting three-component planting material meets high requirements and can be used in regions with relatively cold climates. Practically, when growing such persimmon plants in areas with a cold climate, there is no need for transportation valuable fruits from the southern regions and, accordingly, the price will decrease and the quality indicators of this product will remain. Breeding studies are planned in the future with the participation of these oriental persimmon plants with intercalary insert of common persimmon.

Annotation

The observed increase in environmental pollution and more frequent climate stresses stimulate the introduction of nature-like technologies in all areas of agriculture. Preparations based on microorganisms are taken from natural communities and significantly increase the protective functions of plants against both biotic and abiotic environmental factors without causing damage to nature. One of the main advantages of preparations of biological origin is the preservation of natural soil fertility and an increase in the activity of soil microorganisms. There are a number of reasons hindering the growth of their use. These factors are related to the nature of their origin. There is a significant dependence of the effectiveness of the relationships of living organisms on biocenoses and biogeocenoses in specific environmental conditions. The development of technologies for the use of preparations based on microorganisms and their activity under certain conditions will make it possible to use natural resources wisely. As a result of studies of the effect biological preparations Gamair, Sporex Flavobacterin, Extrasol, Rizomax, FitActive Extra, Ribav Extra, combinations have been identified that positively affect the rooting of lignified cuttings of rootstocks BS-2, Evrika 99, Kuban� 86 (AP-1), Krasnaya lenta (KEBS VIR breeding), PKG-13/1, 534 d-16, 918/13, 921-2, 934, 935-13, PK SK-1, PK SK-2 (NCFSCHVW breeding) in the first field of the nursery. The combinations �rootstock � fungicidal preparation � growth-correcting preparation� were found, which give the highest yield of plants per linear meter. Their effect on the growth of rootstocks (diameter and height) has been proven. A three-factor variance analysis, where a combination of all these factors (genotype, biofungicide, growth stimulant) was used as a factor, established a significant effect of the latter on the height (27.4%) and diameter (24.6%) of rooted cuttings. Upon receipt of high-quality rootstock material, combinations of preparations based on fungi and bacteria were isolated, which were not inferior in their effectiveness to the options where IMC was used � these are Ribav-Rizomax, Ribav-Extrasol, Gamair-FitActive Extra, Extrasol-FitActive Extra.

Annotation

The paper presents an assessment of the effectiveness of clonal propagation of promising clonal rootstocks for cherry and sweet cherry. The demand in clonal rootstocks for small-stone crops is due to the intensification of their production. Clonal rootstocks of FSBSI NCFSCHVW breeding of the AI series meet the requirements for rootstocks: they provide restrained plant growth, a compact crown of trees, and are adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. AI rootstock explants are best introduced during the period of active shoot growth from April 3rd to early June for propagation of rootstocks in in vitro culture. In this period, the regeneration of explants is the highest and, depending on the genotype, varies from 67.6 to 75.6 % in AI 1, from 7.2 to 83.4% in AI 11 and from 66.7 to 75, 85% in AI 70. At the stage of multiplication in the presence of 6-BAP at a concentration of 1 mg/l, all rootstocks develop well on Murashige-Skoog (MS) and DKW nutrient media. The largest number of shoots already after the first passage was noted on the DKW medium with the addition of Fe-EDDHA � 6.0-8.4 units/exp, with the addition of iron chelate Fe-EDTA, depending on the doubling, it is 4.6 up to 6.3 shoots per explant. In the control variant, 3.9 to 4.9 shoots are formed from one explant on MS medium with Fe-EDTA. In general, AI 11 and AI 70 rootstocks have a higher reproduction potential in all variants. Dispersion analysis showed a reliable influence of the factors �Nutrient medium� and �Form of iron chelate� on the reproduction coefficient for all studied rootstocks. The interaction both factors was observed only in AI 70 rootstocks. At the stage of micropropagation of AI series rootstocks, it is recommended to use DKW nutrient medium with iron chelate form Fe-EDDHA (100 mg/l) and 6-BAP 1.0 mg/l.

Annotation

To study the organic nutrition of grape plants in in vitro culture, we conducted research on the effect of glucose introduced into the nutrient medium on the morphogenesis of test-tube grape plants. The experiments were carried out on two model varieties (Sibirkovyi and Krasnostop Karpi) selected by us from the laboratory collection of in vitro healthy grape plants. These varieties, in addition to differences in genotypes, most noticeably differ in the features of development in in vitro culture, which we noted earlier when they were cultivated and deposited in the collection. The Sibirkovyi variety is one of the fastest growing, and Krasnostop Karpi is one of the slowest developing varieties in in vitro culture. In the experiment, glucose concentrations from 0.0 (sucrose control 10.0 g/l) to 40.0 g/l were used. The varietal response of the model varieties in the experiment with different concentrations of glucose in the nutrient medium was different. The variety Sibirkovyi was already one and a half times ahead of the variety Krasnostop Karpi in development in the first terms of accounting. At the same time, for the Sibirkovyi variety, the optimal range of concentrations for the development and preservation of microplants according to most indicators was the range from 5 to 20 g/l, and for the Krasnostop Karpi variety, the optimal range was narrower � 0-20 g/l. At high glucose concentrations of 30,0-40,0 g/l, the plants of both varieties experienced stress, which was manifested in the intensive release of phenols into the nutrient medium (this was most clearly manifested in the Sibirkovyi variety), and often the plants did not reach the top of the cultivation vessel during ontogenesis. besides, they showed earlier aging processes. At the same time, at high concentrations of glucose, a slowdown in growth processes and its ripening of shoots in individual microplants was noted.

Annotation

The increase in high-temperature stress in recent years during the summer growing season complicates the realization of the production potential of the apple tree. Therefore, it is very relevant to use scion-rootstock combinations based on rootstocks with high drought resistance in creation mother-cutting orchards of apple trees in the �Basic� category. In the conditions of Krasnodar, the summer months of 2018-2023 became hotter, which is confirmed by data on the excess of the average monthly temperature over long-term values. July was the hottest in 2018, 2020 and 2021. (38.0, 38.0 and 36.3 ºC, respectively). In August, the excess of the long-term norm was greatest in 2018, 2021 and 2023. The trend of increasing temperatures in the autumn months has led to a lengthening of the growing season and a decrease in the resistance of apple plants to unfavorable overwintering conditions, which can negatively affect the quality of cuttings. The purpose of the research was to identify the most adaptive apple tree rootstocks for use in mother-cutting plantings of the �Basic� category. We assessed the drought resistance of the most common introduced apple rootstocks M 9, MM-106 and the rootstock breed by FSBSI NCFSCHVW SK 2U under conditions of high-temperature stress during the summer growing season. Leaf water content in particularly hot years (2020, 2021, 2023) was predominantly higher in the M 9 and SK 2U rootstocks. The best water-holding capacity of leaves was observed in the rootstocks M 9 and SK 2U, the worst � in the rootstock MM-106. Preference should be given to the semi-dwarf rootstock SK 2U when designing mother-cutting apple tree plantings of the �Basic� category. SK 2u will be able to maintain the intensity of growth processes and ensure the production of cuttings of a standard size and the required quality in greater quantities under conditions of summer high-temperature stress than mother trees on a dwarf rootstock M 9 with a smaller crown volume than on SK 2U.