Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Breeding and production of planting material
The main way of grapes plants reproduction is vegetative reproduction which is based on regeneration of plant tissues and organs. The wood's shanks of grapes used for vegetative reproduction have to be physiologically mature, and all changes of shoot connected with its ripening correlate with its anatomical structure. In this regard the study of anatomical structures of grapes shanks is the actual direction of research in wine growing. In this article it is shown that anatomical structure of the one-year ripened grapes shoots is one of the main criterion of an assessment of extent of vine ripening. It is noted that kind and specific features of plants, soil and climatic conditions of cultivation, the nutritious mode, agric-technology and way of plants cultivation impact on structure and ripening process of grapes shoots. The short literary review of data on value of grapes shanks ripening for vegetative reproduction of grapes is presented in the materials of article. The connection between extent of ripening, physiological and biochemical characteristics and an anatomic structure of one-year wood's shoot is shown. It is specified that the offered way of determination of percentage of tissues of floema, xylem and core to the general diameter of a shank as well as the calculation of quantity of sieve tubes is quite easy to learn, much more precisely and more operative than manual calculation. However it is noted that the quality of the processed photos which depends from skills of the researcher can strongly affect the end result. It is specified in the conclusion that method offered by us could add the existing techniques of histological and chemical research.
The article presents the literature data on contamination of cell cultures and plants by Mycoplasma during clonal micro propagation. The severity of contamination and its sources are presented. The necessity of antibacterial chemotherapy based on the ability of antibiotics to inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms is shown. When choosing antibiotic the necessary condition was the absence of toxic action. In this regard, the object was to develop the methods of decontamination and improvement of qualitative characteristics of plants. Two antibiotics were selected for research: gentamicin and Cefotaxime. The study of the antibiotic gentamicin was carried out during micro propagation of 14 grapes varieties. It was found out that gentamicin promotes the recovery from fungal infections and improves a plant regeneration in 2-3 times. However, the plants show the signs of bacterial infection and the toxic effect of the antibiotic. To reduce the toxicity two-step way of its application into nutrient medium recommended. During the first subcultivation in a nutrient medium gentamicin is added in concentrations of 0.05-0.3 ml/l. It provides a significant recovery from Mycoplasma. In the second subcultivation for full plant recovery we recommend re-use of gentamicin at low concentrations of 0.01-0.04 ml/L. Cefotaxime in concentrations of 50 to 650 mg/l was studied on 5 varieties of grapes. It was established that the antibiotic decreases the contamination by a bacterial infection. It was noted that the action of Cefotaximeis gentler than the action of gentamicin. Its application improves the morphogenesis of cultivated plants. In low infection of plants, the low concentrations of Cefotaxime are effective - 50-250 mg/L. When the infection is to 50 % of plants the concentration of 250-450 mg/L are effective. Methods of decontamination of plants are developed. They are based on the application of the antibiotic gentamicin at a concentration of 0.1-0.01 ml/l or antibiotic Cefotaxime at a concentration of 50 to 450 mg/l depending on the degree of infection in vitro plants.
Objective of this research is study of influence of the salicylic acid added to a nutrient medium on adaptation to unsterile conditions of grapes plants. Object of research is the revitalized of test-tube's plants of grapes of Sibirkovy, Pino Noir and Merlots landed under the unsterile conditions after cultivation on nutrient mediums with various level of content of salicylic acid. The range of the applied concentration is 0,14 to 14 mg/l of a nutrient medium. When the research on adaptation to unsterile conditions of grapes plants are carrying out, the standard method of clonal microreproduction in vitro, applied for fruit and berry crops, and the technique modified in the laboratory of institute are used. During research the positive influence of salicylic acid in survival of grapes plants at their transfer to unsterile conditions is established, but the inhibition of development is often noted in the options where salicylic acid is applied. It is shown that addition of salicylic acid in a nutrient medium increase in preadaptability of the test-tube's of grapes plants to unsterile conditions. It is revealed in experiment that optimal concentration of preparation for different grapes varieties can be differ. In our experiences the concentration of 0,14 and 0,7 mg/l were often the most effective. Such concentrations, as a rule, increase in survival ability and don't effect considerably on the rates of plants development during growing. As result of the carried out research the optimal concentration of salicylic acid in a nutrient medium which are increasing in acclimating of grapes plants and not reducing their growth activity in comparison with control.
One way to improve the efficiency of grapes plants breeding in vitro is the method of induction of multiple shoots on various types of cultural medium. Applying this method, we can significantly increase in the multiplication factor of plants and, therefore, to achieve the increase in the production of planting material free from viral and bacterial infection. The aim of our study was to determine the optimal culture medium for the induction of multiple grapes shoots in vitro by applying the mathematical apparatus of multi-criterial optimization. Study was carried out in the laboratory of tissue culture V.E. Tairov "Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking" on grapes varieties of Mechta, Kobzar, Original. In order to optimize the composition of the nutrient medium for the formation of multiple shoots we tested the various medium options. To improve the efficiency of induction of multiple shoots of grapes plants in the culture in vitro was studied and proved the advantage of using semi-liquid medium in comparison with solid and liquid medium. When using the multi-criterion optimization methods it is determined the optimal nutrient medium, namely a modified semi-solid MS medium, which contributed to a better survival, differentiation, regeneration and productivity of meristems of grapes plants. It is shown that the introduction of an improved method of induction of multiple shoots helped to increase in the multiplication factor of grapes in vitro culture to 1: 9.5, and this method reduced the cost of micro clones of grapes in the early stages of micropropagation by 90%.
The state, productivity and durability of gardens depend on quality of the produced saplings. The main indicator of saplings quality is their virus-free status. Besides, for the creation of modern intensive plantings the trees which are correctly created and early entering into fructification are required. Improvement of quality of landing material can be reached by means of development of special technologies and methods. The purpose of this work is the analysis of foreign and domestic achievements in the field of production of the revitalized landing material and definition of the main tendencies in the development of branch of a nursery industry. As the analysis of scientific publications has shown, the greatest number of practices is noted in two directions of development of a modern nursery industry of fruit and berry crops: the improvement of plants by the way in vitro and mikroclonal reproduction and the improvement of production technologies of landing material. The following directions of research have been selected: the development of optimal structure of nutrient mediums for micro reproduction of fruit and berry crops; the selection of disinfectants for sanitation of explants when introduction to culture and further reproduction; the optimization of physical factors of cultivation (lighting, temperature, humidity, etc.); the selection of optimal conditions for adaptation of microplants to in vivo conditions. It is concluded that the experience of the leading fruit-growing countries of the world (USA, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Poland, etc.) on use of the revitalized landing material has allowed these countries to ensure the high production efficiency of fruits and berries. Therefore now in Russia special relevance is acquired by the question of transfer of fruit growing branch on the use of the revitalized landing material is particularly urgent.