Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Breeding and production of planting material
The data of study of rootstocks for large-fruited crops (plum, cherry plum, apricot) of breeding of SCFNCHVW and Stavropol breeding station are given. Their ability to root on heavy loamy soils with the use of the Fitaktiv Extra growth stimulator was studied. According to the results of monitoring the implementation of planting material, it has been established that now the combinations of plum grafted on rootstocks with a well developed root system providing strong fixation in the soil and allowing the mechanized harvesting are most in demand. In the Krasnodar Territory there are not enough soils suitable for fruit growing, therefore, the creation of rootstocks for stone fruit crops that can normally develop on wetland heavy loamy soils is very important breeding direction, that will significantly allow to increase the area of the gardens. The study carried out revealed the rootstocks that grow and develop poorly under the conditions of dense soils with high moistening and perish for several years. Therefore, it can be assumed that the plants isolated in the experiments on high rooting, good growth and development, as well as on a high score of the general state, can be evaluated as resistant to the stressors listed above. We also established that in the conditions of Goryacheclyuchevskoy district of the Krasnodar Region, the further research on the selection of optimal highly profitable scion-rootstock combinations of the stone fruit crops is necessary with the use of selected (according to the general state, the number of roots and the percentage of rooting) of the rootstocks 534 D and 935/6. The positive effect of the Fitaktiv Extra preparation on obtaining a quality planting rootstocks material for large stone fruit crops was noted.
This article presents the materials of research and analysis of world experience in the field of healing of planting material of fruit and berry crops. The object of our research was the works of a number of domestic and foreign authors developing methods of plants health-improvement from a viral infection. The method of analysis and generalization of literary data for the last 10 years is used. In the presented review, the problems of the rehabilitation of agricultural plants from a viral infection are considered, the requirements for planting materials of the "basic"category are listed, the analysis of modern methods for the improvement of fruit and berry crops and the prospects for their use in a scientific process and production is given. As can be seen from the review of literature in this article, the scientists in this field of research did not have a common opinion on the need to use certain types of therapy in the process of revitalizing plants of fruit and berry crops. It is universally recognized that for each new variety, it is necessary to work out all the criteria and parameters of health improvement. In our opinion, the most promising is the use of dry air thermotherapy in a combination with the method of apical meristems in connection with a high percentage of recovered of the original plants and the possibility to lay the nursery with planting material of the "basic" category.
The urgency of stud is caused by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV), determined by the losses of productivity and quality of plum fruits. In receptive plum varieties also of other stone fruit crops the infection by Sharkey's virus leads to shedding of the fruits, and ulcers on the surface of fruits. Virus infection is manifested symptomatically in tolerant plants, but does not affect, to the expressed degree the anatomical-morphological and functional state of the infected organisms. The purpose of this work was the study of the plum tolerance to Sharkey's virus (PPV) and the revealing of regularities of the change in the receptivity of plum to this virus in the course of reproduction by the method of inoculation (budding). In the experiment there are three plum varieties: Stanley, Donetskaya and Kubanskaya Rannia. In the process of experiments the regeneration of buds from the infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic mother trees is studied. Virus carrying of the plum plants is confirmed by OT-PCR testing. The results show that the buds from the symptomatic mother plum trees, virus carriers PPV, survive more badly than buds from the asymptomatic mother trees, also the virus PPV carriers. The level of survival in the version with the buds from the symptomatic trees on the average to 17% lower than those of the version with the asymptomatic trees, and to 27 % lower than in the control version with the virus-free trees. The reason for reduction in the survival of buds infected Sharkey's virus of plum on the virus-free rootstock is the property of Sharkey's virus to cause the corking of the undifferentiated plant tissues. During ripening of fruits, for instance, this property of plum Sharkey leads to premature shaping of the separating layer between the leafstalk and shoot, that in turn, causes the shedding of fruits (the month before the ripening).
Planting stock of fruit sapling requires the improvement of the fruit assortment, taking into account the changes in climatic factors of cultivate area. The rootstocks resistant to abiotic and biotic stressors adapted the most to local soil and climatic conditions are necessary. Therefore, this work dedicated to the selection of rootstock adaptive forms for plum-tree relevant to modern gardening. The change in the weather conditions in the Krasnodar Territory over the past 68 years is analyzed in this paper. A trend towards an increase in average daily air temperature was found. Two periods of warming over a long-term period are shown, one in the spring, and other in the summer months. The research carried out in the Ust-Labinsk area with frequent adverse manifestations of weather stressors, promote the forestall breeding on a number of stability indicators. The proposed materials of the article contributes to the development of resource-saving technologies involving the use of adaptive plants and environmental methods for their cultivation and reproduction. As a result of study, the adaptive plum rootstocks have been identified, which have a high percentage of rooting when growing without irrigation on a bogar, with the selection of domestic preparations that give the greatest effect of increasing in rooting rate and yield of high-quality planting stock. It was found that the most suitable for rooting under the conditions of lack of moisture and high summer temperatures are the rootstocks: BS 2, PK SK-1 and the rootstock forms of PKSK-2, 921, PKG18 / 13, PKSK-2, 921 (2), 934, 918 13, 6p34. The significant influence of the rootstock genotypes the ability to rooting by lignified cuttings under the influence of various preparations was noted. Under these conditions the greatest effect was observed when the rootstocks forms of 934 and SC SC-2 were reproducted with using of Fitactiv Extra Kornevin B and Fitactiv Extra Kornevin A preparations.
The materials of long-term work on the study of the effect of drugs on the induction of growth-correcting effects for rootstock cuttings are presented. The research was carried out in Anapa-Taman area on the rootstock uterine plantation and the new plantation of AF Uyzhnaya of the Temryuk District of the Krasnodar Region, in the Center of Collective Use of FSCHVW (Krasnodar) and in the laboratory of nursery and quality control of Anapa ZESV&W. The task of the research is to find out the effect of plant nutrients in foliar top dressing the growth and development of cuttings as well as the dynamics of the processes of growth and development of grape saplings. The object of the study were the uterine rootstock plantings of the Kober 5BB variety, as well as grafted cuttings and saplings of the technical Aligote variety grafted on the Kober 5BB rootstock. As preparations were used: complex organic-mineral fertilizer and forth preparation with Zn, B, Fe, Cu apart. According to the set of regenerative activity indicators, the most effective drug for inducing the growth-correcting effects is the variant of Boron, under the influence of which the objects of the study have the greatest indicators of shoots and roots development. This variant is better taking account the indexes of survival and getting of seedlings from the uterine grape plantations. Using the method of microfocus radiography, it was possible to establish that, on average, 90 % of seedlings have adhesions of grafted components without anomalies in all variants of experiment, which indicates the high quality of the obtained grafted saplings. The effective impact of bioeffective drugs the callus formation, the development of grafted cuttings in the first plantations, and the yield of grafted grape saplings is confirmed.