Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

It is noted in this article that one of the main reasons for the decline of sowing qualities of seeds and planting material is the presence of various internal defects, such as a hidden injury or damage by pests. The seeds with the hidden defects can not be sorted by the sorting machines, and so they are a constant component of all production batches of fruits and seeds. These seeds can be detected by microfocus X-ray analysis. Microfocus X-ray can be used to control of seeds quality and to study their internal structure. The purpose of this work is the development of microfocus X-ray technique to determine the quality of fruits and seeds. As a result of our carried out research the voltage, anode current and exposure time are included in the definition of the required zoom factor modes of X-ray apparatus. The modes of microfocus X-ray for control of different structure and size seeds was selected. It was confirmed that the technique can be used to inspect the seeds of various sizes. The method is tested on a large number of seeds from the collection of the Botanic Garden of Great Peter (Sankt-Petersburg). It has been confirmed by results of our carried out research that the use of microfocus X-ray technique allows you to quickly select the seed of good quality, not affected by pest and to use them for future planting and also to receive of a greater number of shoots. The prospects for a technique to identify the problems with the collected seeds had been shown.

Annotation

Using the traditional method of cultivation of an apple-tree seedling the chip budding is carried out in the first field of nursery on two-year part of a rootstock. Based on the long term research the conclusion is made that the apple varieties with the increasing of altitude of chip budding reduce the crown volume and the yield of the tree, but they increase the intensity of fruiting per unit of crown volume. But nurseries, due to lack of rational technology, mainly continue to produce the seedlings with chip budding at a height of 15-20 cm. A new method for the preparation of rootstocks in the first field of nursery for high budding, in which all shoots on rootstock in early spring are removal except one vertical shoot. This way stimulates the growth of the left shoot and at the time of chip budding that shoot reaches a height of 120-130 cm. At the height of 55-60 cm the thickness of shoot reaches 8-10 mm and that is sufficient to the chip budding. According to the yield and quality of seedlings the proposed method is similar to the conventional method of chip budding, but also it has advantages. The cutting of plant on the bud requires the less efforts, it is noted the less breaking of shoots from strong winds. The shoots with cuttings over 75 cm in height in the first field was not enough productive because of their inferior survival, the rise of assimilating surface is delayed due to violation of the correlation between the above-ground part of plant and root system, and it significantly reduced their development. The quantity of standard seedlings at a chip budding in the shoot of current year at the height of 55-60 cm t on 36-58% was higher than at the chip budding in two years wood.

Annotation

In this article the problems of a modern nursery organization are presented, the features of development of landing material production in the Krasnodar Region according to import substitution are shown. During the fast development of production of various landing material the most important problems are the assortment of cultivated crops; the insufficient use of modern technologies of saplings production; the phytosanitary condition of nurseries; the lack of basic nurseries and modern hi-tech infrastructure; big share of manual works, etc. Lack of self-fertile varieties of many crops is observed, nurseries have not a wide line of varieties of various term of maturing, low focus on preferences of domestic consumers is noted. Because of climate shift from moderate continental to sharply continental the lack of adaptive technologies of cultivation and the corresponding varieties and rootstocks is sharply felt. For the solution of these problems the priority directions of development of a modern nursery with use of new achievements in virology, immunology, etc. are offered. The improvement of assortment of landing material of varieties and rootstocks highly adapted to bio and abiotic stressors is offered. The emphasis is made hat nursery farms have to rely on the market research carried out in this region and make their work taking into account the demands of certain groups of consumers. The development of the aggressive marketing technologies capable to resist to expansion of foreign technologies and import products on the Russian market is necessary, and scientific institutions have to the leading position in this process. In the article the strategy of the organization of production of landing material is offered considering to the different opportunities of the farms which are growing up the landing material of garden crops.

Annotation

The scion-rootsock's combination has to have the good compatibility and high regeneration ability and technological efficiency that as a result provides the economic efficiency of plantings. The research on establishment of the reasons of insufficient compatibility of the imparted components has been carried out earlier, have revealed the anomalies in the development of grafting plants. The grafting affinity is the main requirement in the production process of landing grapes material, especially of new deficit varieties of the high biological categories used during creation of nursery scion plants. The research were carried out in the laboratory of a grapes nursery of Institute. The purpose of research is to reveal experimentally the perspective scion-rootsock's combinations with participation of varieties of the rootstocks, included into the State Register of the breeding achievements allowed to use, and also the scion grapes varieties of a trans-species origin of All-Russian SRIV&W of Ya. I. Potapenko breeding. The assessment of influence of a rootstock on extent of accretion of the imparted components is also a task of our research. The study used the rootstock's varieties - Riparia x Rupestris 101-14, Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB, Berlandieri x Riparia SO, Vierul-3 (Corona Negra x Riparia Gloire), Present ( Furcal x (Amur x (Riparia x Cinerea)) and scion variety - Denisovskiy, Stanichny, Fioletivy Ranniy, Baklanovskiy. As a result of the carried out research it is established that next indicators as the exit of the grafted shanks after stratification, the biometric indicators of saplings in a nursery, the condition of root system, the exit of saplings are the indirect traits of compatibility of the grafted components. The most perspective scion-rootsock's combinations for the varieties which are in observation are selected, there are Denisovskiy × PP 101-14, Stanichny, Baklanovskiy, Phyoletovy Ranniy × Viyerul-3. The more powerful root system develops when using a rootstock of PP 101-14.

Annotation

The adaptation to non-sterile conditions is a critical stage for the plants grown using the biotechnological methods on nutrient mediums. The adaptation of the grapes got in vitro method to natural conditions of the environment is of great importance for their production cultivation. Considering the importance of sanitation in vitro of various grapes varieties, the studying of effective adaptation methods of healthy plants to non-sterile conditions and identification of optimal terms of their growing before planting in the open ground is actually. The research were conducted in 2014-2015 on the basis of department of biotechnology of the Stavropol Research Institute of Agriculture, taking into account the recommendations on sanitation and micro clone reproduction. 10 table grapes varieties were the objects of research. As a result of carried out research the conditions and techniques allowing to considerably increase in survival of the healthy grapes plants are elaborated. It is shown that planting of plant from test-tube to a cube with IAA solution (0,2 mg/l) and the offered techniques of further plants growing have provided the high survival percent and a good shoot growth of grapes plants with well developed root system. The analysis of the obtained data has shown the high dependence of survival on a genotype's variety. Especially it was visually shown for Kodryanka and Monarch grapes, where the percent of survival was 51,5 and 92,0% when the identical term of adaptation. The cultivation period of healthy grapes plants from a meristem to soil planting is an average 334,1 days. Survival of plants on claydite in the box is 100%, after the wintering is 100% survival of saplings and their good development also have been noted.