Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

The meristem�s cultivation by a method of clonal microreproduction is the main way of production a qualitative virus-free landing material of fruits, berries and grapes cultures. High specificity of raspberry and gooseberry plantlet�s reaction on composition of nutrient medium during cultivation demands the individual selection of medium�s components for the most successful reproduction in vitro of revitalized plants. This work is carried out in the Center of reproduction of fruit, berry crops and grapes of N�RRIH&V. Object of research and improvement was the using now technique of production of the revitalized landing material of raspberry and a gooseberry varieties. The results of research on cultivation of raspberry and gooseberry meristems in vitro are presented in the article; the efficiency of various nutrient mediums is studied: Anderson, Lee De Fossard and 4 modifications of Murashige and Skoog (with various concentrations of biologically active substances and glycine). As a result of the research it is established that the most effective introduction in vitro culture of experimental varieties of raspberry and gooseberry (92% of meristems get accustomed) occurs on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium (1962) containing macro- and microelements by recipe, vitamins C � 1,0 mg/l, B1 � 1,0 mg/l, B6 � 0,5 mg/l, nicotinic acid � 0,5 mg/l, inositol � 100 mg/l, sucrose of 20 g/l, agar-agar � 8 g/l with the doubled content of iron chelate and without glycine amino acid.

Annotation

One means of intensification of production of planting material is induction of growth corrective effects using bioeffective drugs � growth regulators. Objects of study of bioeffective drugs influence on the growth corrective effects were grapes cuttings of technical Aligote variety grafted on Kober 5BB rootstock. As plant growth regulators were preparations obtained in JSC "Institute of Chemical Sciences named A.B. Bekturov" under the code AES-17 and KN-2 and DEB-41. The experiment was divided into two phases. As a result of analysis of all the dates of the first phases were identified three most effective variants of the experiment: AES-17 conc. 1, KN-2 conc. 1 and DEB -41 conc. 3. According to the results of the second phase , it was found that the level of profitability of the best results have options: KN-2 conc. 1 with level of profitability - 157.1 % and DEB -41 conc. 3 with levels of profitability - 134.2 %. These indexes exceeds the level of profitability of the control group on 31.3% and 8.4 %, respectively. It was found that the use of preparation KH 2 conc. 1, in the step before waxing of grafted cuttings, not only increases the yield of grafted grapes seedlings from nursery by 9.6%, but also increases the profitability up to 157.1 %, which is 31.3 % higher than in the control variant. Qualitative indicators of the grown-up saplings in option with preparation KN-2 application, exceeded the indicators of control option. Accounting of development of annual shoots showed that in KN-2 option has the greatest development of shoots which exceeds the control data on 6,7 cm. On qualitative indicators of soldering the most effective options of experience are the next: KN-2 conc. 1, and DEB-41 conc. 3 � 91,9% and 91,7% respectively.

Annotation

Considerable influence on rizogenesis of green cuttings, biometric indicators and quality of a landing material of fruit crops exerts a soil substratum. For process of rooting the methods of preparation of cuttings material have essential value also. Prelanding processing of cuttings in the solutions of growth regulators improves the rooting and quality of a landing material. The purpose of our work is research of influence of substratum and growth regulators on rooting of sea-buckthorn cuttings taking into account its varietal features. There are three varieties of a sea-buckthorn in the experience � Businka, Zolotistaya and Chuyskaya. Landing of cuttings is carried out in the first decade of July. The nutritious mixes received on a basis of local raw materials � sapropel, peat and lignin are researched. Green cuttings is carried out by the standard technique. It is established that the activity of rizogenesis and biometric parameters of sea-buckthorn cuttings depends on the varietal features, used substratum and applied growth regulators. The analysis of results of experience showed that the share of influence of growth regulators on quantity of standard landing material of sea-buckthorn is 55,2%, a substratum share is 42%, a share of varietal reactions of a sea-buckthorn�s plants is 2,8%. The most positive effect of impact on quality of a landing material of a sea-buckthorn is obtained on a substratum �peat+sand+lignin+soil�. On interaction "variety � growth stimulator" the following combinations were more productively: Zolotistaya-IMK, Chuyskaya-IUK.

Annotation

In the South of Russia where conditions for cultivation of stone fruit cultures are most favorable, the areas of their cultivation significantly decreased. The statistics testifies that more than 70% of the population of Russia are tested by avitaminosis, because the own production covers only 25-30% of minimum required amount of fruits. The correct selection of the assortment of nursery planting will promote to considerably increase in production of fruit crops. The work purpose is the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific materials on the problems of state and development of nursery plantings. The results of analysis of the literary review of foreign and domestic authors on a subject of ensuring stability of nursery planting on the example of cultivation of variety-rootstock�s combinations of sweet cherry are presented in the article. It is shown that for successful development of domestic gardening it is necessary to cultivate the varieties corresponded to the modern requirements to quality of their fruits. It is necessary to use the rootstocks which allow to create the dense highly productive plantings giving the possibility to take a care of them without high labor expenses and capable to give a commodity harvest next year after landing. It is shown that now there is not domestic landing material of fruit crops of standard quality and competitive price in industrial volume. It is necessary in Russia to accelerate the creation of nursery plantings of virus-free material by means of biotechnology and to accelerate the production of the varieties and rootstocks demanded in the intensive gardening. It is especially noted that the state and productivity of fruit orchards, and also the structure and the direction of horticulture industry depend on varieties and rootstocks composition and quality of produced saplings.

Annotation

Clonall micro reproduction is widely used in the breeding of fruit and berry crops for reproduction of a small number of genotypes and for a fast receiving a large amount of virus-free material. The object of research is the strawberry apexes from 1 to 3 mm in size and the meristems (0,3 mm) of Klery, Asia, Alba and Marmolada varieties. The influence of some factors of strawberry cultivation at a stage of explants introduction in vitro is revealed in the article. As a result of the carried out research it is established that input in vitro of apexes of 3 mm in size, with the subsequent exarticulation from them of meristems of 0,3 mm in size, increases of explants survival (meristems of 0,3 mm) more than twice (from 25% to 59% on average). It is shown that the efficiency of clonal strawberry micro reproduction is increased on the nutrient mediums containing a complex 6-BAS with IAA in the ratio 1:0,1. This medium provides the high coefficient of reproduction together with high quality of regenerated micro shoots. It is also established that the structure of medium with complex of 6-BAS and detiobiotine causes more intensive growth of shoots and activates of chlorophyll synthesis. The darkening of explants for 8 days at the 1 st passage leads to increase in coefficient of reproduction of Asia strawberry explants from 22,6 to 64,3 at the medium containing 6-BAS without IAA and to increase in coefficient of reproduction from 9,4 to 16,0 of Alba strawberry. In addition in the medium of 0,1 mg/l of IAA the coefficient of reproduction increases from 33,2 to 40,0 at Asia strawberry and from 12,6 to 16,4 at Alba strawberry.