Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

Natural conditions of Crimea are favorable for the successful cultivation of a variety of fruit, berry and other crops. In this region, horticulture is one of the priority branches of the agro-industrial complex the main task of which is to provide the population with fruits, berries and their derived products. The most important direction in improving the efficiency of Crimean horticulture is its further intensification using clonal rootstocks, highly productive varieties and technological developments adapted to the conditions of growth. The article presents an overview and results of a long-term study of rootstocks, varieties, their combinations and methods of cultivating the competitive, headed planting material of fruit crops. A new clon-al rootstock K104 was selected and included in the State Register of Selection Achievements Approved for Use, which by force of growth, occupies an intermediate position between M9 and MM106 and does not require the installation of an expensive trellis. Slightly growing clonal rootstocks KA 61, KA 86, KA 53, KA 92 for pear were created, resistant to high content of CaCO3 in the soil (up to 30%). The productivity of these rootstocks in the mother plantation is 20-30 % higher than that of VA 29; in the garden � by 25-30 %. By fast ripening and high yielding, the rootstocks for peach � BBA-1 and Evrika 99 in combination with varieties of Veteran and Redhaven were distinguished. Among the seed rootstocks, GF-305 distinguished itself. Intensive gardening presupposes the mandatory transfer of the industry to a virus-free basis. It is established that the yield capacity of plantings planted the material healthy from the main virus diseases is higher by 25-30 %.

Annotation

In order to put into production the high-quality, high-variety planting material of fruit crop rootstocks in demanding quantity, it is necessary to quickly propagate the high-tech, proven clonal rootstocks to create their mother nursery plantations. The number of promising technologies capable to ensure the competitiveness of stone crops production include the reproduction using biotechnological methods. The work for reproduction in vitro of some rootstocks obtained by distant hybridization in the Department of fruit crops was carried out in 2012-2017 in the laboratory of biotechnology and biochemistry of the Crimean Experimental Selection Station of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. This article presents a brief description of vegetative propagated rootstocks of hybrid origin for varieties of cherry plum, apricot, peach and plum, as well as for varieties of sweet cherry and cherry. Consideration is given to the creation of plant cuttings mother nursery based on their accelerated clonal micropropagation in vitro. The physical conditions have been optimized for the explants cultivation at the main stages of reproduction of the studied rootstocks for stone fruit crops in vitro. As a result of the research, the most acceptable nutrient media were determined based on the nutrient agarized media Murashige and Skoog (1962) and Woody Plant Media for each reproduction stage. It is shown that, depending on the genetic origin of the rootstock, the survival rate of explants when introduced into culture on the above modified media was, on average, not lower than 60 %: it was the highest in the rootstocks of VSL 2 and Kuban 86 (up to 90 %), and it was low (≈ 40 %) in VSV 1 and VVA 1 rootstocks. We were concluded that there is a real opportunity when stone fruit crops cultivating to use the rootstocks from plant cuttings mother nursery laid by planting material grown by the microclonal propagation method.

Annotation

The article presents the results of evaluating the nutrient artificial media for cultivation suitability of cherry ordinary embryos for three varieties � Lyubskaya, Turgenevka, Igrushka, included in the assortment of the South of Russia (selected promising varieties of the collection of the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch). They have a number of positive qualities: late fruiting, high fruit quality, potential productivity and transportability. In the work, the modifications of the cultural media of White, Knop, Anderson, Lee and de Fossard, Prunus, Murasige and Skoog were used. The compositions of seven artificial agarized nutrient media used by us in the embryos cultivation of three varieties of cherry ordinary are given in the text of the article. The embryos were introduced into the culture without plants entering in the dormant phase. In the course of the study, the growth and development of the embryos of these cherry varieties in vitro was observed. An assessment is made of the influence of the nutrient medium composition the cultivated embryos of cherry ordinary varieties. The average long-term (2015-2018) data of normally developed, not germinated (with the growth of cotyledons and callus), albinos and embryos infected with an internal infection embryos, depending on the variety. Since in breeding practice it is important to obtain more viable posterity, when evaluating the nutrient media, the attention was paid to sprouted, normally developed seedlings. As a result of the experiments, the nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog was isolated, modified in two versions M2 and M4 � for cultivating the cherry germ of Lyubskaya, and M2 and Pr1 � for Turgenevka. For in vitro cultivation of Igrushka embryos, it is recommended to use an artificial agarized nutrient medium Knopa.

Annotation

The sterilization of explants is the most important step for the successful plants cultivation in vitro culture. The disinfectant have to neutralize the pathogenic microflora and do not damage of the plant tissues. This article present the assessment of the effectiveness of using the chlorine-containing tablets of the OKA-TAB trademark as an sterilizing substance for the rehabilitation of explants. One tablet of disinfectant contains 1.41-1.87g of active chlorine. For the illustrative treatment 0,5 % solution was used. The exposure time was 5 minutes. The presence of contamination, damage to the plant tissues (necrosis of objects) and the output of viable explants were taken into account. Apexes of SK 7, SK 2, SK 3, M 9, MM-106 apple rootstocks were introduced in vitro culture. Initiation was carried out during the active growth of shoots of apple rootstocks (May-June). Apexes were planted on a nutrient medium culture supplemented with the salts according to the prescription of Murashige and Skoog media (1962): ascorbic acid � 1 mg /l, vitamins of B1, B6 and PP � 0.5 mg /l, mesoinositol � 100 mg /l, sucrose � 30 g and agar-agar � 0,8 %, BAP � 0,4 mg /l. The plants were cultivated with the photoperiod of 16 hours, with air temperature of + 24 � 2 �C and illumination of 2-3 thousand lux. According to the study, it was found out that 0,5 % solution of chlorine-containing tablets at an exposure of 5 minutes had a higher efficiency. The yield of explants was 75-98 % depending on the genotype. Therefore, OKA-TAB tablets could be used for surface treatment of apple rootstock explants during the active period of shoot growth, as an alternative remedy to sublimate (0,1 %).

Annotation

The results of evaluation of short stratification periods with different durations influence the obtaining healthy microplants of sweet cherry hybrids from isolated unripe embryos in vitro culture are presented. Three sweet cherry varieties of super early, early and meddle term of ripening are studied. The sterilization scheme for immature sweet cherry embryos using a disinfectant in the form of tablets containing the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid was tested. The method showed the high efficiency, which was manifested in a low percentage of infected tubes. Three seeding were made at various times: after harvesting immediately, after 1 week, and after 3 weeks of stratification. The degree of plants development introduced in vitro culture was defined after 2, 3, and 5 weeks. Assessment of plants with root and leaves was carried out on a 5-point scale. Based on the development degree of plants introduced in vitro culture, a graph was created showing that the highest percentage of normally developing embryos of the Krasnodarskaya Rannya sweet cherry was observed in the group stratified for three weeks, than that stratified one week. In the group of the Krasa Kubani specimens, an opposite dependence is observed. The rate and degree of development of the Yaroslavna embryos without stratification are in the middle range between other studied samples with long and short stratification. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the varietal characteristics of samples prevail over the duration of stratification in order to increase in the yield of normally developed microplants obtained in vitro embryo culture.