Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Breeding and production of planting material
Syringa is a genus of about 27 wild species of flowering woody plants of the Oleaceae family. Syringa vulgaris L. is known with a wide variety of decorative varieties and hybrids suitable for use in urban and rural landscapes. In the botanical gardens and nurseries, the lilac is propagated with green cuttings or grafts, but all of its varieties do not reproduce well by these ways. There are difficulties in propagating the most decorative varieties. The production of a large number of varietal plants is limited by the season, the process of grafting, cutting and getting shoots is labor-intensive, and requires the presence of uterine plantations. Therefore, there is a need for development ways to propagate lilac that would be universal for all varieties and would create a cost-effective technology of fast reproduction of planting material. In vitro methods have opened up the new areas of research that can overcome the problems of traditional methods and ensure the rapid plants propagation on an industrial scale. Lilac plants obtained by microclonal propagation have several advantages over drafted ones. They are more lasting, decorative, quickly develop and bloom, and form the ideal habitus of the bush. In vitro plants have the juvenility signs, which allow them to be successfully propagated by other vegetative methods, especially by green cuttings. Objects of research are lilac varieties: Geisenkalis, Primrose, Marie Frances, Krasavitsa Moskva, Sensatsiya. The article presents the results of influence of the selection date (04/22/19 and 05/15/19) the contamination nation and the survival rate of five lilac varieties explants. The analysis have been shown that the contamination of the microshoots selected on April 22, 2019 was significantly less than that for the microshoots selected on May 15, 2019 and amounted to 37.4 and 67,2 %, respectively. The survival rate of explants was 57,7 % and 19,2 %.
In the process of scientific research, a new experimental installation for accelerating reproduction of grapes and other crops was developed. In this installation the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy is carried out in a single technological cycle. In addition, in the process of cultivation the grafts and seedlings saturates with essential nutrients. This article presents the results of studies on the saturation of the grape grafts in macro- and microelements at different temperatures and different time. The highest yield of healthy sapling (80,6 %) was obtained when treated for 10 minutes with steam at t 45-50 º. Because of the use of complex Albite preparation the best callus formation, the most intensive growth of shoots, a large area of leaf surface and best plant survival on the plantation were noted. Albite contains the active substance poly-and beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacterias of Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Under the natural conditions, these bacterias live on the roots of plants and stimulate their growth, protect against diseases and adverse environmental conditions. The preparation also includes a substance that enhances the effect of the main active ingredient, a balanced set of macro-and microelements and terpenic acids of pine-needles extract. Albite does not contain alive microorganisms, which makes the action of the drug more stable and less affected by environmental conditions. The saturation of grafts with macro- and microfertilizers with the help of the created experimental installation will help to improve the quality, yield of saplings and yield capacity of grape plantations without the use of pesticides in the process of sapling cultivation.
To create the highly productive orchards, you must have the high-quality planting material. The quality of planting material, in turn, depends on the cuttings used for grafting, the quality of which is associated with the state of the uterine plants. The article, using for example the pear and quince varieties, shows the role of uterine cuttings in obtaining a healthy and productive planting material. It is noted that the quantitative yield of cuttings and their qualitative condition depend on the proper agricultural technique of growing uterine plants. The main purpose of the work was to create disease-free material, as well as to obtain clones of pear and quince varieties with valuable traits and properties of fruits, with restrained tree growth, resistance to diseases, increased winter and drought resistance. In this study, we needed to show on individual varieties the importance of selecting uterine trees, which cuttings are harvested, for buds grafting and obtaining the high-quality planting material in nurseries. To solve this problem (for three years), the clone selection was carried out, typical and highly productive pear trees of the Kubanskaya Sochnaya and quince of Muscatnaya and Desertnaya were selected. In time with clone selection, plants were distinguished visually which were free of symptoms of disease and virus damage. In the work the laboratory and field method are used, studies were carried out according to programs and techniques, both generally accepted and new. As a result of the studies, uterine pear trees of the Kubanskaya Sochnaya and Muscatnaya and Desertnaya quince varieties were recommended to obtain the planting material of pure varieties.
The paper presents a review of the literature on sterilizing agents used in biotechnology. The features of their impact these agents on the object of study and the negative impact on the researcher's body are considered. The effect of chlorine-containing preparations such as Belizna, NAZ-TABS, Deo Chlor in various concentrations of aqueous solutions and various times of exposure of sweet cherries and cherries to the eradication of saprophytic microflora of the seed when introduced into an in vitro culture was studied. According to the results of the experiments, the number of infected embryos was recorded, and the percentage of viable sweet cherry and cherry embryos was also determined. In this case, burned from the effects of chemicals, "glassy" and darkened nuclei were taken into account. It was found that treating the seeds of Prunus cerasus L. varieties only with chlorine-containing preparations in low concentrations is ineffective. An increase in the concentration of chlorine-containing drugs leads to partial damage of the kornels, which affects the seedlings output. Significant efficiency of sequential sterilization of sweet cherry and cherry seeds was shown when introduced into the culture in vitro with preparations with different chemical bases. The optimal sterilization time and active substances for exposure to seeds of studied sweet cherries and cherries were revealed. This is an aqueous solution of Deo Chlor (10 and 8 minutes, respectively) with the additional use of hydrogen peroxide (3%) for 2-3 minutes. Such a phased sterilization method determined the yield of viable embryos for further in vitro cultivation at the level of 75-77,5 % in cherries and 82,5 % in sweet cherries.
The article considers the question of fructose supplementation into the nutrient medium instead of sucrose. The positive effect of fructose on clonal micro-propagation of plants is known, but we have not faced any data on grapevine cultivation. During the study there was no death of plants from infection due to preliminary recovery of plants with the help of the antibiotic Cefotaxime. The maximum survival rate of micro-plants was observed at fructose concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. At a concentration of 40.0 g/l, the survival rate decreased to 23.4 % compared to the control. A sharp decrease in rooting was noted when 60.0 g/l of fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium. Effect of fructose on rhizogenesis depends on the concentrationand can stimulate or inhibit this process. The length of the rhizogenic zone at fructose concentrations of 5,0 and 10,0 g/l was in 0,7-0,8 times less than in the control. The longest rhizogenic zone was observed at a concentration of 20.0 g/l. On the 210th day of cultivation, it exceeded the control variant by 1.2-1.6 times. At a concentration of 40.0 g /l, the length of the rhizogenic zone was at the control level and even slightly exceeded its parameters. A sharp decrease in rhizogenesis occurred when fructose was introduced into the nutrient medium in the amount of 60.0 g/l. The strongest inhibition of the shoot growth rate was observed at concentrations of 40.0-60.0 g/l. A slight decrease in the growth rate was observed at concentrations of 5.0-20.0 g/l. The best conservation of plants during 7 months of cultivation was revealed in the medium with sucrose (control) and in the variant with a minimum concentration of fructose 5.0 g/l, 60.0 % of plants were preserved at fructose concentrations of 10.0 and 20.0 g/l. The safety of the variants with a fructose content of 40 %, especially 60.0 g/l, has sharply decreased, which indicates that such a quantity of carbohydrate in the nutrient medium is toxic to plants. A slowdown in growth processes that is necessary to create a collection of the gene pool of grapes in vitro was revealed.