Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia

Annotation

In the apple breeding the one of the priority tasks is the creation of varieties with monogenic determining immunity to scab. The purpose of this study was the molecular-genetic testing of the original forms and hybrid seedlings of the apple-tree to identify the carriers of the target alleles of the monogenic resistance genes to scab � Rvi6, Rvi4, Rvi2, Rvi8, and also to clarify the nature of their inheritance in the hybrid progeny. Biological objects of the study were the apple varieties of different ecological and geographical origin, as well as seedlings of the hybrid fund of the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, doctor of agricultural sciences N.I. Saveliev. The materials of this article show the results of DNA analysis of apple varieties and hybrid seedlings at loci of monogenic resistance to scab (gene Rvi6, Rvi4, Rvi2, Rvi8). Based on the molecular-genetic analysis performed, the genotypic structure of the initial forms was refined. Molecular genetic analysis of the initial apple forms using the VfC and AL07-SCAR markers showed the presence of the Rvi6 gene in the geterozis state (Rvi6rvi6) in the genomes of the Bylina, Kandil Orlovski, Akademik Kazakov, Imant, Valuta, Belarusskoe Sladkoe, Uspenskoe, Prima. The Golden Delicious variety and the NR12740-7A form have a recessive homozygous genotype. As a result of research carried out and on the molecular genetic analysis, the genotypic structure of the initial forms was refined and joint inheritance in the hybrid progeny of the apple-tree of loci of monogenic resistance to scab was analyzed. The sources of the genes Rvi6, Rvi4, Rvi2, Rvi8, which are promising for apple-tree breeding, have been identified.

Annotation

Based on the negative dynamics of weath-er and climate conditions in the Southern region of Russia and taking into account the use of new intensive technologies for cultivating fruit stone crops, it is obviously that the new and promising varieties should be created and selected in the face of climate change. The urgency of this problem determines the purpose of the research � the creation and selection of plum domestic varieties and cherry, characterized by resistance to unfavorable environmental factors and stably forming a high-quality yield under the conditions of annual biotic and abiotic stresses. Objects of research � the varieties of stone fruit crops, presented in the Center of collective use of the NCFSCHVW genetic collection. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the Sub-Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar Territory, on the basis of the EPF �Centralnoe� (Krasnodar). The main accounting and observation were carried out in accordance with the methodological guidelines for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut-bearing crops. Assessment of varieties on the main parameters of productivity and adaptability was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the North Caucasus Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture (now NCFSCHVW). In the study there were the promising varieties of plum and cherry, of different eco-geographical origin, possessed with adaptive features that determine the efficiency of their cultivation by intensive technologies. Under the unfavorable weather conditions (2014-2017), the winter hardiness, drought resistance, and resistance of the studied varieties to diseases were evaluated as coccomycosis, monilia and clasterosporium. Under the extreme weather conditions for fruit crops in recent years, the basic adaptive indexes of plum and cherry varieties are specified. On their basis, the most stable varieties for optimizing the modern assortment of these crops under conditions of Southern gardening have been determined.

Annotation

The requirements of hazelnut for light, heat and soil correspond to the soil and climatic conditions of the lowland and foothill part of the Daghestan Republic, the hazelnut is widely cultivated here, especially in the South, However its yield is rather unstable and relatively low. Therefore, in order to increase in the yield of hazelnut plantations, it is necessary to optimize the process of plants pollination. Hazelnut is a rather frost-resistant crop that easily withstands the cold temperatures of 20-25 º� in a state of winter rest, and such varieties as Tambovskiy Ranniy and Tambovskiy Pozdniy are up to minus 40 º�. On the other hand, the male inflorescences (earrings) of hazelnut, according to literary data, withstand the temperatures of minus 5-7 � C. For blooming in winter and to the same wind-pollinated plant, all this is a serious obstacle to the annual normal fruiting. In connection with the foregoing, a detailed study of the hazelnut phenolo-gy in the flowering and pollination phase in specific soil and climatic conditions is becoming relevant, with using the specific variety or varieties for region. Therefore, in this paper there is the task, in the course of phenological observations, to establish the time of male and female flowers opening in the most popular population of Ata Baba in Daghestan, and to determine the temperature conditions necessary for a full flowering of plants. This article describes the phenology of flowering Ata Baba hazelnut due to its species and varietal features under the climatic conditions of the studied zone in the connection with issues of pollination and formation of yield.

Annotation

Nowadays, working with genetic resources, one of the main task is to study the samples of the collection on a complex of economically valuable traits in order to identify sources for breeding, the best varieties for production and for the most effective use of grape gene pool in scientific programs. The results of a 25-year study at the Don ampelographic Y.I. Potapenko collection are presented. 10 grapevine varieties of Vitis vinifera L. species were studied: Galan, Senso, Desertniy, Zhemchug Saba, Caramol, Shassla Belaya (table varieties); Riesling Reinskiy, Krasnostop Zolotovskiy, Cabernet Sauvignon and Rkatsiteli (wine varieties). The data of phenological and meteorological observations, crop yield and conditions of grape are presented. In terms of crop yield the best varieties were Galan (12,7 t/ha), Senso (11,7 t/ha) and Dessertniy (11,6 t/ha). Cabernet Sauvignon (6,9 t/ha) had the highest crop yield among wine varieties. Varieties with the highest sugar content in berry juice were Krasnostop Zolotovsky (22,4 g/100 cm3, with a maximum in 2007 � 28,2 g/100 cm3), Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling Reinskiy (19,3 g/100 cm3). Among table grades, Desertniy variety stood out for its sugar content (19,1 g/100 cm3, with a maximum in 2005 � 22,8 g/100 cm3). A long comparative study of grape varieties on the collection under the conditions of moderate continental climate of the Rostov Region allowed to identify the varieties with high adaptive and economically valuable traits for breeding and production. Galan, Senso, Desertniy are recommended for breeding for crop yield, and variety of Krasnostop Zolotovskiy � for breeding to increase sugar accumulation potential.

Annotation

Effective realization of the grapes biological potential is possible when it placing on the territory the most fully meets the requirements of the variety biology. Solving the problem of optimal territorial placement of grapes can not only increase the productivity of plantations, but also reduce energy consumption and the cost of production and improve its competitiveness. The optimal placement and zonal specialization of vines in local climate change is an urgent research area and the main condition for stable viticulture. We carried out the work for agroecological zoning of the Krasnodar Territory, taking into account the main natural factors that affect the development and growth of the grape plant. On the soil map of the Krasnodar Territory was allocated to 5 of the soil zones with one or more relatives zonal soil types. Digital isothermal maps of average annual, absolute minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as heat supply map (sum of active temperatures) and precipitation were compiled for zoning of the territory according to agro-climatic parameters. As a result of this work, an agroecological map of zoning of the Krasnodar Territory for the cultivation of grapes was created. 5 zones and 47 subzones for placement and effective cultivation of grapes are allocated, the ranges of soil and climatic parameters of each zone are established. The placement of grape plantations taking into account the results of the territory zoning can improve the efficiency of use of soil and climatic resources in the production grape process; to increase the productivity of plantings; to improve the quality of production; to prolong the productive life of plantings; to reduce the prime cost of production and to increase in competitiveness of domestic viticulture.

Annotation

The paper analyzes the temperature conditions limiting the industrial grapes formation on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. Research covers soil and climatic indices, such as: soil type, the sum of active temperatures and average mean of the absolute air temperature minima, as well as grape varieties of various ripening periods. With the help of the geographic information software ArcGis, a digital complex multiple factor cartographic spatial distribution model of the main agroecological factors limiting the industrial viticulture has been developed. The territory under study was classified as to the appropriateness of its agroecological factors for cultivation of various groups of grape varieties. Based on the classification of the cultivation appropriateness for different groups of grape varieties, the territory of the Crimean peninsula was divided into 14 ecotopes with indication of the area distribution (13 by climatic characteristics and 1 by unfavorable soil conditions). Guided by the principle of guaranteed high quality harvests, the recommendations were developed on the varietal composition of grapes for each ecotope. The obtained data demonstrated that the territory of the Southern coast of Crimea and the coastal zones of the western and eastern parts of the peninsula (the first and second ecotopes) were the most favourable regions in terms of heat supply and frost hazard for cultivation of industrial grapes. These findings make it possible to recom-mend the cultivation of grape varieties from the very early to late ripening period that are characterized by weak, medium and high frost resistance. Industrial grapes cultivation on the territory of the thirteenth and fourteenth ecotopes is not cost-efficient. The terrain of the thirteenth ecotope is not suitable for the development of grapes due to unfavorable temperature conditions. In the area of the fourteenth ecotope, unfavorable soil conditions have developed limiting the effective cultivation of grapes.

Annotation

This article presents the materials of research and analysis of world experience in the field of healing of planting material of fruit and berry crops. The object of our research was the works of a number of domestic and foreign authors developing methods of plants health-improvement from a viral infection. The method of analysis and generalization of literary data for the last 10 years is used. In the presented review, the problems of the rehabilitation of agricultural plants from a viral infection are considered, the requirements for planting materials of the "basic"category are listed, the analysis of modern methods for the improvement of fruit and berry crops and the prospects for their use in a scientific process and production is given. As can be seen from the review of literature in this article, the scientists in this field of research did not have a common opinion on the need to use certain types of therapy in the process of revitalizing plants of fruit and berry crops. It is universally recognized that for each new variety, it is necessary to work out all the criteria and parameters of health improvement. In our opinion, the most promising is the use of dry air thermotherapy in a combination with the method of apical meristems in connection with a high percentage of recovered of the original plants and the possibility to lay the nursery with planting material of the "basic" category.

Annotation

The urgency of stud� is caused by the high economic value of Sharkey's virus (PPV), determined by the losses of productivity and quality of plum fruits. In receptive plum varieties also of other stone fruit crops the infection by Sharkey's virus leads to shedding of the fruits, and ulcers on the surface of fruits. Virus infection is manifested symptomatically in tolerant plants, but does not affect, to the expressed degree the anatomical-morphological and functional state of the infected organisms. The purpose of this work was the study of the plum tolerance to Sharkey's virus (PPV) and the revealing of regularities of the change in the receptivity of plum to this virus in the course of reproduction by the method of inoculation (budding). In the experiment there are three plum varieties: Stanley, Donetskaya and Kubanskaya Rannia. In the process of experiments the regeneration of buds from the infected symptomatic and infected asymptomatic mother trees is studied. Virus carrying of the plum plants is confirmed by OT-PCR testing. The results show that the buds from the symptomatic mother plum trees, virus carriers PPV, survive more badly than buds from the asymptomatic mother trees, also the virus PPV carriers. The level of survival in the version with the buds from the symptomatic trees on the average to 17% lower than those of the version with the asymptomatic trees, and to 27 % lower than in the control version with the virus-free trees. The reason for reduction in the survival of buds infected Sharkey's virus of plum on the virus-free rootstock is the property of Sharkey's virus to cause the corking of the undifferentiated plant tissues. During ripening of fruits, for instance, this property of plum Sharkey leads to premature shaping of the separating layer between the leafstalk and shoot, that in turn, causes the shedding of fruits (the month before the ripening).

Annotation

Under stressful conditions, in order to obtain the stable harvests of high-quality fruits, it is important to have a balanced supply of mineral elements to the organs of fruit plants facilitated to the timely going throw phenological phases, intensification of photosynthetic activity, and resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions. In connection with this, the purpose of our study was to found the effectiveness of the system of foliar top dressing with domestic complex mineral fertilizers on a weakly growing apple-tree to activate the adaptive mechanisms of plants and for the formation of high-quality fruits. An effective rational system of leaf feeding of weak growing apple-tree with the use of domestic complex mineral fertilizers against the background of the negative impact of abiotic stresses during the growth and formation of fruits was tested. It was found that leaf feeding contributed to the optimization of the food regime of apple-tree, increase in the leaves content of the combine form of water and protein, causing the increased resistance of plants to overheating and dehydration. A statistically significant positive correlation between the protein content in the apple leaves and the content of phosphorus (r = 0.58) and potassium (r = 0.66) was found. The content of chlorophyll and carotene was depended on the content of nitrogen (r = 0.7 and r = 0.6, respectively). A statistically significant relationship between the content of sugars and potassium (r = 0.89) was determined. Activation of physiological processes due to the balanced intake of nutrients in the organs of apple plants contributes to the increase in plant`s adaptability to heat and drought, stabilization of production processes. The increase in yield due to the use of foliar top dressing with complex fertilizers is averaged of 8.3 t/ha.

Annotation

The aim of this work is to study the agrobiological properties of the Riesling Rhine grape variety on the basis of the evaluation of growth processes activity, the laying of generative organs in the central buds of wintering grape buds, the ways of placing and keeping the bushes. It is necessary to study the biological properties of a grape plant, since without this knowledge, it is difficult to purposefully influence the functional activity of plants to obtain a crop of the required quality. The research was carried out in 2014-2017 in the field experiment on the basis of AZESViW (Anapa city). Objects of research: the technical middle growing of Riesling Rhine grape variety, and regulations for bushes keeping. The field stationar methods and laboratory methods were used. The article presents the results of revealing the agrobiological features of the studied grape variety under the conditions of the temperate continental climate of Southern Russia on the basis of studying the intensity of growth processes, the formation of generative organs and ways of locating and maintaining bushes in the vine plantations. As a result of research carried out the patterns of change in growth processes, the productivity of the Riesling Rhine and the quality of products under the influence of different methods of grape plants planting are revealed. More active growth and high leaf cover of shoots were observed in plantations with three-meter rows. It is shown that the productive zone of shoots is in the range of 2-5 internodes irrespective of the planting scheme. This biological feature of the variety should be taken into account when the selection of the method of bushes pruning. The quality of the experienced wine materials was quite high (tasting score from 7.8 to 8.0 points). The samples with the scheme of bushes planting of 3,5�2,0; 3,0�1,5 and 3,0�1,0 m were the best.

Annotation

Control and prevention of plant Diseases is one of the main tasks in agriculture. This is due to the fact that such diseases can lead to significant economic losses. The article considers the most well-known in the international market preparations and methods of plant protection using the mechanism of induced resistance. To this end, a review of the research literature was conducted, biopesticides registered in the United States, Europe and a number of other countries were studied, and a patent search was carried out in international databases of patent documentation. It has been established that in recent years a significant amount of work has been done in the field of studying the ability of various substances and bioagents to induce plant resistance to diseases. It is concluded that the continuation of research in this area is relevant and of interest, including as a basis for developing innovative technologies for storing plant products.

Annotation

The article presents the results of the preparations testing of copper (Abiga-Pik, Kuproksat) and triazoles (Skor, Fardi) against the main plum fungal infections in the Central zone of Krasnodar Region in 2015-2017. The epiphytotic development of Clasterosporium carpophilum Aderh on the experimental plot is noted. There was a tendency of leaves early infection (the first decade of April), and the spreading of the disease in the initial period was characterized by a high rate of infection. Monilia cinerea Bonord. was observed in the third decade of April after plum blossoming, by mid-June the disease spreading was 8-10 % (only in the control). Monilia fructigena Honey. was observed in mid-may, by mid-June, from 15 to 20 % of fruits on the control trees were affected and during harvesting (on late July) � up to 45 %. The main predictors of the spores onset of the disease pathogen were the amount of precipitations on April and air humidity after going the average daily temperature over + 10-12 ˚C. The appearance of powdery mildew on the control trees was noted in the first decade of June � from 3 up to 7 % on annual shoots. Biological efficacy of Abiga-Pik, VS on day 7 after the two treatments was 90-92 %, Kuproksat, KS � 96-98 %, on 14th day 89-90 % and 95-96 %, respectively. Treatment with triazoles was carried out after plum flowering, in the period of high speed of spreading of shot-hole disease. On 7 day the biological effectiveness of Skor was 85-87 %, Fardi � 89-90 %; on 14th day � 80-82 % and 82-84 %, respectively.

Annotation

The article presents the results of long term of research on the species composition of the harmful fauna of the apple orchard. It is established that under the influence of climatic changes and technogenic impact, many species have developed a number of adaptive responses for survival under the changing environmental conditions. The increase in the number of weakened trees by a number of different weather stresses (frosts, rain showers, hail, air and soil drought) led to the appearance of new types of trunk`s vermins and to the strengthening harmfulness of previously known species. In our study, we noted an increased harmfulness in the Lepidoptera vermin complex and the appearance of new phytophagous species, which development is marked by a large their number and increased aggressiveness. There is a fluctuation, a change in the dominant species within the complexes. For example, the number of subcrustal leaf rollers (Enarmonia formosana Scop.) in the apple agrocenoses increased in 3,4 times, and the number of other species of leaf rollers dominated in 2011 decreased to economically insignificant value. The yellow pear scabbard (Quadraspidiotus pyri Licht.) be-gan to damage the plantations instead of the Californian Scabbard. Phytosanitary monitoring, carried out in the fruit plantations of the region in 2014-2017 revealed the significant functional and structural changes in the sucking entomocomplexes. It was found that the stability of most vermins has been developed for dimethoates, chlorpyrifos and malathions. It is established that the main components of sucking communities, first of all, react to abiotic factors of influence. The tendency of change in the species composition and intrapopulation structures of harmful organisms was revealed as a result of the use of insecticides of organophosphorus synthesis in frost-weakened trees.

Annotation

The article presents the results of field experiments to determine the biological effectiveness of the disorientation method with the help of "BREEZ�" dispensers in comparison with the traditional apple-tree protection system from the apple moth. The method is the disorientation of the males of the codling moth by creating an excessive concentration of female pheromones. The male can not find the female and fertilize it, as a result, the caterpillar from eggs does not degenerate, and damage of the fruit does not occur. Pheromones from the dispenser are released gradually, in the period from April to September (120-150 days), depending on the intensity of the wind and temperature. The dispenser effectively reduces and keeps the number of codling moth in all generations during the season. The experiments were carried out on 16 plots in 13 largest fruit farms of various horticultural zones of the Krasnodar Territory. At 7 sites pheromones of BREEZE were hung, but treatment with insecticides was carried out in full, but at 9 plots the insecticide treatments for codling moth were canceled. Dispersers were hung in the phenophase "flowering beginning" at the rate of 20 m2 � one disperser. In total, 500 pieces / ha are hanged, evenly over the entire protected area to a height of 2/3 of the tree from the surface of the earth. Throughout the growing season, the observation the biology of phytophagous development were made. It is established that the inclusion of BREEZE pheromones in apple protection systems allowed to control the phytophagus by 99.2-99.7 %, while reducing the pesticide load and the cost of purchasing insecticides by 25-67 %.

Annotation

The losses of crop production during storage depend on variety characteristics, the system of protection against vermins and diseases, terms and methods of harvesting, commodity processing and storage preparation methods and are associated with physiological, biochemical and microbiological processes occurring during storage. In connection with this, the current direction of research is the development, modification and improvement of methods for managing the biochemical and microbiological processes of long-term storage of crop production. Research has been carried out in the field of biological control of phytopathogens � causative agents of carrot diseases using strains of Bacillus subtilis. It is shown that the most active in relation to the test set of pathogens characteristic for carrots in vitro experiments were strains of Bacillus subtilis IPM 215 and VKM B-2605D. The dynamics of populations of phytopathogens and antagonist strains in the sections of carrot roots was studied. It is revealed that the rate of growth of the Bacillus subtilis population in the first stage of storage exceeds the growth rate of the populations Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora. After three days of storage, the growth dynamics of Bacillus subtilis decreases, which indicates the expediency of processing root crops with Bacillus subtilis preparations, which, due to more intensive growth, creates the competition in the struggle for nutrients during the first stage of storage. In addition, the products of the life of Bacillus subtilis are effective inhibitors of phytopathogens. As a result of carried out research it is established that the treatment of root crops of Bacillus subtilis influences the degree of development of diseases caused by Alternaria radicina and Erwinia carotovora that allows to consider the studied strains of Bacillus subtilis as promising for the biological control of diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms during storage of root crops of carrots.