Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The study of the nutrition regime of fruit plants by means of the analysis of indicators organs is a traditional method in agrochemistry, aimed at optimizing the methods of fertilizers application. The nature of the research is due to the increase in precision of modern fertilizer application technologies and the improvement of the fruit crop cultivation system. For this reason, we con-tinued the study of the apple nutrition re-gime on the weakly grown rootstock of domestic breeding in connection with the application of various types a nd doses of fertilizers. The problem of optimizing the mineral nutrition of apple trees for SK4 rootstock in a seasonal development cycle was studied in 2014-2017 on an example of Prikubanskoe variety. The experiments were carried out in the central zone of the region (EPF Tsentralnoe, Krasnodar) using standard methods and GOSTs. For the main application to the soil, the organomineral fertilizer "Universal" was applied, annual foliar fertilizing was made with the complex fertilizer "Akvarin" of various types in the spring-summer period. It is established that the reserve in the garden soil of the available compounds of elements against the background of fertilization and top dressing contributed to their more active consumption by plants. The dynamics of changes in the content of macro- and microelements in the apple-tree leaves during the formation of the crop depended on the fertilizers used and the area of tree nutrition. The yield capacity in some years increased by 65,0 % with the scheme of trees planting 4,5 x 0,9 m and 53,2 % with the scheme 4,5 x 1,2 m. The data obtained indicate the sufficient responsiveness of the studied variety-rootstock apple combination for additional mineral nutrition, and the efficiency of this measure is higher in the garden area with a tree den-sity of 4.5 x 0.9 m.
The most important direction in the nursery farming is the study of the effect of various bioeffective preparation and fertilizers that can influence the rooting and stimulate the metabolism of plants in order to increase their productivity and resistance to stress factors during the growing season. The top dressing of solutions of mineral fertilizers, which ensures the rapid entering of mineral elements into plant tissues and almost complete assimilation by the plant, is the promising field of research. The main goal of all agrotechnical activities carried out in the nursery is to increase in the yield of standard seedlings, that is, the stimulation of the formation of plants of such height and diameter of the stem that meet the industry standards. The statistically significant increase in the average values of the signs was established in the work with improved methods of gooseberry reproduction, with the use of new-generation preparation to control the quality of planting material. The influence of growth biostimulants and humic fertilizers on the efficiency of gooseberry reproduction in the mother nursery by the method of horizontal layers has been studied. The data of the dispersion analysis of gooseberry plant in the process of treatment with preparations showed the significant influence of the variety genotype on the number of shoots per bush, the number and the total length of the roots, the growth of shoots, and the diameter of the stems. A significant contribution to the variability of the year conditions and the variety genotype was observed in the growth of shoots, the number of roots and their total length. With the help of the correlation coefficient, the dependence of the increase in the yield of planting material from five biometric indices is proved: the diameter of the steams, the number of roots, the growth of shoots, the total root length, and the number of shoots per bush. Statistical analysis showed the significant variability in the responsiveness of gooseberry genotypes to drop dressing with various humic fertilizers and growth biostimulators.
The ability of Zircon, Epin-Extra and Siliplant in the tank mixtures with pesticides to improve their absorption and transport to the targets of action makes it possible to improve the safety and economic efficiency of protective measures in the grapes cultivation. These preparations improve the photosynthetic indexes of plants, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, activate the expression of genes responsible for the destruction of the active substance of pesticides. The article presents an analysis of experimental data demonstrating the action efficiency of growth regulators of Epin-Extra, Zircon, Siliplant-U and Siliplant-D on various grape varieties. The facts confirming the expediency of their use in tank mixtures with pesticides for increase in their efficiency, improving environmental safety and profitability of grapes production are presented. As a result of numerous and diverse research on the use of Zirkon, Epin-Extra, Siliplant on fruit-bearing grapes plantings, it has been established that their efficiency varies depending on the concentration of the preparation, its quantity and time of treatments, and also on the specific characteristics of grape varieties. The total length of shoots on grape bushes increases in 21,5 % (Karamol variety) f rom a single treatment of Epin-Extra and in 12,7 % (Kishmish Rjzovy variety); when Zircon processed twice, the length of shoots of the grape variety of Codryanka increases in 51 %. Zirkon and Siliplant-U are more effective for shoots ripening. The total positive ef-fect of the studied preparation and microfertilizers is explained by a significant additional harvest of grapes (actual yield increases in 25-30 %) and conditionally net income. In addition, an increase in the yield of high-quality virus-free planting material is provided and the pesticide load in the plantations is reduced.
Under the conditions of the Western-foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory in the industrial plantations LLC Gardens of the Foothills, the effect of foliar top dressing of apple trees by special complex of aminoacids and nutrition saults the content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves has been studied. The object of research is an apple-tree on MM106 a rootstock of Idared, Rennet Simirenko, Golden Delishes of 2012 landing. In the beginning of blossoming, the trees were treated with fertilizer containing boron and amino acids. In May, the leaf treatments with an aqueous solution of liquid mineral fertilizers of the composition CaO and N were made. In June, the apple trees were treated with an aqueous solution of special complex mineral fertilizers of N18P18K18 + 2Mg + 1.5S. An analysis of the hydrothermal factors dynamics in the spring-summer period re-vealed a prolonged negative effect the plants of a complex of abiotic stressors. Against this background, the morpho-anatomical structure of leaves treated with aqueous solutions of organic-mineral fertilizers was studied. A significant thickening of the leaf sheet is revealed due to a significant increase in the palisade layer of the leaf mesophyll (from 2.6 to 9.9 %, depending on the variety), containing the main amount of chloroplasts. The size of the leaf sheet increased in 7.1-41.0 %. Spectral analysis of the leaves revealed a significant increase in the number of functional pigments for the all studied apple varieties with the use of foliar top dressing (by 2.1-18.9 %, depending on the variety), which contributed to the enhancement of plant assimilation activity. The content of green pigments correlated with the content of monosaccharides (fructose, glucose) in the leaves: k = 0.56-0.58. The trend continued through all period of study. Thus, the use of apple plants top dressing with organic and mineral fertilizers containing macro-, microelements and a complex of amino acids in a spring-summer period allows you to regulate the intensity of photosynthesis at the anatomical, morphological and physiological levels.
The effectiveness of protective measures in the viticulture largely depends on the timeliness of their implementation, the correctness of the chosen processing time of plantations, schemes of spraying, infectious background, antiresistant strategiy for drugs use. This article presents the results of a two-year study on possibility and efficiency of PFKleros application for technical grape variety of Chardonnay, 1977 landing, in the conditions of Southern coast of Crimea. In the study the well-known viticulture methods are used. It was established that triple vineyard treatment with the tested preparation PFKleros reduces Tetranychidae population by 69.2-85.7 %, depending on the application rate, which is consistent with the results obtained under application of standard preparation Zolon. The biological effectiveness of the protection system engaging triple treatment against oidium made 7.5 %, which is consistent with the results obtained under application of standard preparation Topaz. The results of research showed that treatments with PFKleros preparation on average increase in the harvest of Chardonnay grapes by 38.5-50.0 %, where as the yield surplus is estimated at 2.0-2.6 t/ha. The positive effect of the studied preparation on the quality of Chardonnay grapes was confirmed, as demonstrated by increased from 2.4 up to 7.3 % sugar mass concentration in the berry juice. It was established that treatments with PFKleros preparation catalyze growth processes. The positive effect of the studied preparation was reflected in the increased by 13.3-25.7 % shoot length on overage, increased by 14.8-24.4 % in leaf surface and increased by 9.1-18.9 % in extent of shoot lignification, as compared to control (the plants without of treatment).