Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The method of diagnostics of the cations maintenance in the tissues and bodies of fruit crops with use of system of a capillary electrophoresis is described in the article. The stated sequence of analysis stages leans methodically on known physiological and agrichemical methods of an express assessment of functional plants condition. The modes of samples preparation and the analysis of extracts are based on original techniques of an electrophoresis method of research of vegetative plants bodies. Optimum terms of samples selection and carrying out of analysis are indicated. The terms of samples selection are dated for vegetation phases. The method allows to estimate the level of activity of exchange processes of an apple-tree with fertilizers use. The results of diagnose of ensuring of weak growing fructifying apple-tree by mobile forms of the basic mineral elements, including application of the organic and mineral non-chlorine fertilizers of the prolonged action are given at the field stationary experiments. It is established that with application of the organic and mineral feeding the maintenance of mobile forms of potassium is on 2,3-22,5% higher, than on control (without fertilizers). The increase of maintenance of calcium mineral forms on 48,2% at application of fertilizers is noted in June, during period of summer recession of activity of apple-trees growth processes. The feeding by organic and mineral fertilizers promoted the increase in the maintenance of mobile forms of magnesium from 5,7 to 22,5% in the apple-tree leaves on various phases of plants development.
Optimization of grapes feeding is the one of the effective elements of the technology, keeping and raising the soils fertility, plantings efficiency and resistance to adverse factors of the environment. Efficiency of plants mineral feeding increases with introduction of scientifically reasonable norms of fertilizers. The work purpose studying of soil and agribiological factors of effective fertilizers use on vineyards of Krasnodar Region. As objects of researches, the technical and universal grades of grapes are taken. Accounts and observations were made on agribiological and agrichemical indicators. As a result of researches the reaction of the main standard grapes varieties to change of foods conditions in dependence on the level of their productivity is established. The scientific basis of fertilizers use at a vineyards landing on the soils of different fertility and a water content are developed. The regularities of change of grapes quality and products of its processing in dependence on fertilizers, ways of the maintenance of soils and norms of bushes loading by a crop are revealed. The settlement method of determination of a grapes crops quality and efficiency of fertilizers depending on temperature conditions during blossoming is offered. Data of the forecast are used when the measures of quality management of raw materials in the adverse years are developing.
Food elements, including micro elements, play an important role in the life of grapes plants and they are an effective means of increasing of orchard yield and berrys quality. Industrial enterprises produce the new fertilizers that contain, besides the main nutrients, the complex of micro elements, that is necessary for the normal development of grapes plants. The novelty of our conducted research is to obtain the new data about regularity of not-root feedings impact on the quality and indexes of safety of wines from grapes grown in the Black Sea area of Krasnodar Region. The purpose of work was to reveal the impact of not-root feeding on the wine quality from Krasnostop Anapa grapes using the known methods of evaluation and also the techniques developed in the Research Center of winemaking of North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture. The results of studying of the effect of four preparations of foliar activity on yield and quality characteristics of Krasnostop Anapa grapes are presented in the article. The grapes yield in years of research on the drug-treated Potassium Humate variant is higher than ones on the other fertilizers processed variants, an increase is ranging from 30 to 44 c/hectare. A positive effect of foliar fertilizers on the sugar content in the berry juice is revealed. The influence of these preparations on the quality of special wine is researched. During the years of research the grapes treatment of Nutrivant preparation was better others preparations.
Adaptation of revitalized plants in vitro to conditions of an open ground is the final stage of technology of their receiving and the initial stage of basic nurserys foundation of intensive type. Improvement of feeding regime of basic plants of grapes has a special interest at a lack of nutritious elements on the sandy soils. Foliar feeding is often used as an urgent method for fast elimination of lack symptoms of individual nutrition elements in the plants. The aim was to study the influence of preparations of new generation as a part of not root feeding on development and formation of grapes plants in the first two years under the conditions of sandy soils of a basic nursery. It is established that the foliar plant feeding by a complex of mineral nutritious salts, in combination with preparations of new generation, in the conditions of sandy soils improved the growth and development of grapes plants. Introduction in the structure of fertilizers of immune modulate preparations promoted the qualitative reorganization of morphological indicators of plants development. For bigger efficiency under the conditions of the sandy soil it is recommended to apply the foliar feeding by complex fertilizers together with such preparations, as Zircon 0,1-0,2 ml/l; Epin 0,4 ml/l; Lignogumat Potash 0,3 g/l.
The results of research of complex Polimiks-Agro fertilizer use in the Stanley plums plantings in the Krasnodar Region are presented in the article. It is established that not root processing of trees by studied preparation promoted the increase of buds/fruits quantity on an one inflorescence of plums plants in comparison with control variant without treatment. Use the "Polimiks-Agro" preparation in the phase "fruit formation" have impact on rationing of ovary/buds/fruits on plums plant. The increase of trees productivity of Stenley variety in all variants of experience with processing by "Polimiks-Agro" preparation is noted. The greatest increase of plants productivity is revealed in option No. 8 21,3 (+6,5) t/hectare and in option No. 5 20,8 (+6,0) t/hectare, the productivity of control is 14,8 t/hectare. The greatest average mass of plums fruits is received on variant of experience No. 4 with processing by complex fertilizer in the phase " fruit formation" 37,4 g and No. 6 with processing of plants in the phase "blossoming beginning" + "fruit formation " 37,5 g, that is caused by smaller loading of fruits of plums plants in these variants of experience. The results of the carried out biochemical analysis showed that the "Polimiks-Agro" preparation didnt render the essential influence on dynamics of accumulation of sugars, acids and ascorbic acid in the fruits of Stanley plum.