Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The work presents the study results of the effect of microbiological fertilizer EcoRic (Bacillus subtilis subsp. Subtilis, strain BR-1256 - 1-10x9CFU / cm3 ) on the wine grape variety of Bastardo Magarachskiy in the conditions of the South Coast of Crimea. The objectives of the research included determining the effect of the studied fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of grapes. Crop formation and ripening took place under the hot and dry summer conditions. It was found that double foliar treatment with microbiological EcoRic fertilizer in the application rate of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 l / ha during the period of active growth of shoots (the inflorescence emerge (according to the BBCH-scale53)) and at the beginning of grape flowering (the inflorescences fully developed, flowers separating"(according to the BBCH-scale57) "first flower hoods are detached from the receptacle"(according to the BBCHscale 60) had a proper positive effect on increasing in the cropping capacity of grapes per 1 ha: with the rate of application of 2.0 l / ha by 0.93 t / ha (9.1 %); 3.0 l / ha by 1.62 t / ha (15.9 %); 4.0 l / ha by 2.43 t / ha (23.8 %). Double foliar application of the studied fertilizer also contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 10.0-24.3 %, an increase in the yield per one record bush by 0.42-1.01 kg (9.1-22.0 %), the leaf surface area of the bush (m2 ) by 16.3-37.2 %, the average shoot length by 16.8-22.3 %. The yield collected from variants with foliar application of microbiological EcoRic fertilizer, in terms of quality indicators, was higher than that collected from the control: in that number by mass concentration of sugars in a berry juice by 10.0-22.3 (4.7-10.5 %) g / dm3.
This work is aimed at solving the actual problem of increasing in the fruit plants productivity. The research presents the results of studies of top dressing efficiency by Lignohumate fertilizer for fruit crops under the conditions of the Crimea Republic, the impact the yield and the quality of the fruit products is assessed. The analysis of the influence of seasonal conditions and the usage of fertilizers the main indicators of the studied fruit crops was done. The experimental research was carried out during 2018-2020 on apple-tree of Spartan variety (JSC Artvin, Bakhchisarai district), on peach-tree of Red Haven and sweet cherry of igarrean Burlat (Agropolis farm, Kirovsky District). It is established that the use of Lignohumate foliar fertilizing increased in average length of annual shoots in the studied crops from 14.7 % (peach) to 16.5 % (apple). Mathematical analysis of the results showed that the share of seasonal influence the annual shoots growth rate varies in the interval 8,7 % (sweet cherry) 55,0 % (peach), at < 0,05. Top dressing of plants increased in chlorophyll concentration in apple and peach leaves by 14,0 and 13,2 %, respectively; mass concentration of sugar in apples by 6,1 %, and in peach by 7,5 %; in sweet cherry by 16,1 %; solid substance content in the fruits by 0,9 % (peach) 1,7 % (apple). Also it is shown that the use of Lignohumate top dressing of plants increased in the content of mineral elements in the studied crops, relative to a control group, and the yield on average 16,3-20,6 %.
The material presented in the article characterizes the seasonal dynamics of the chemical composition of apples on application of foliar dressing of water solutions of special complex fertilizers. The relevance of the research is related to the problem of forming a balanced chemical composition of fruits intended for long-term storage in the conditions of abiotic stresses of the spring-summer period. The main aim of the work is to identify the seasonal dynamics of the formation of the chemical composition of the intensive apple varieties fruits of the NCFSCHVW breeding due to leaf-feeding dressing and its dependence on the nutritional quality of crop. The field experiment was conducted n 2016-2018 in the central zone of the Krasnodar region (experimental production farm "Centralnoye", Krasnodar) in fruit-bearing apple plantations of varieties Prikubanskoe and Renet Kubanskiy grafted on rootstock SK4 and which were planted in 2009.As a result of studies, it was revealed that the use of leaf-feeding dressing with nutrient salts contributed to the activation of biological processes and the stabilization of the plants functional state of against the background of abiotic stresses in these edaphoclimatic conditions of the region. The relationship between the nutritional quality of the apple tree and the chemical composition of the fruits is determined. Seasonal changes in the quality of crop nutrition under the influence of a special agricultural method had a significant impact on the content of nitrogen, calcium, potassium and magnesium in the growing apple fruits. The analysis of the fruits mineral balance, which determines their suitability for long-term storage in the refrigerator, did not reveal a negative effect of plant treatments with water solutions of nutrient salts on the keeping properties of apples. Highly marketable production yield in the variant with the use of foliar dressing significantly exceeded the number of fruits of higher and first commercial varieties in the control version.
The article presents the results of experimental studies of the effect of the systemic application of a Maxifol Mega special agrochemical of specific action on the functional state and nutrition regime of apple plants in unstable environmental conditions. Aqueous solutions of the drug were used in fruit-bearing plantings of low-growing apple trees of the Idared, Prikubanskoe, Renet Kubansky varieties in the experimental production farm Tsentralnoye (Krasnodar) in 2019-2021. Methodological support of field and laboratory studies of plant samples (leaves, shoots) is generally accepted, recommended for experiments with fertilization of fruit crops. It was found as a result of the research that non-root apple tree treatments had a positive effect on the intensity of synthetic processes in plants under the conditions of the destabilizing effect of abiotic factors. The total chlorophyll content in the leaves was 5.6-23.0% higher than this indicator in the control variant at the stage of formation and growth of fruits (X-XI stages of organogenesis) in 2019 and 2020. The content of photosynthetic pigments did not exceed 3 mg/g of dry matter against the background of prolonged absence of precipitation and maximum air temperature values of 34.638.1 ºC in July and August. At the same time the indicator was higher by 15.0-18.4 % against the background of the application of non-root treatments of trees. The gross content of the main nutrients in the leaves mainly in the middle part of the shoot in 2020 and 2021 exceeded the value of the indicator in comparison with the control variant in June, July and August. The potassium content in the leaves of the middle part of the shoot was higher by 0.8-45.8 % depending on the variety against the background of moisture deficiency in August. The derived level of seasonal functional activity of the apple tree and the nutrition mode corresponds to a higher yield class against the background of the action of the Maxifol Mega drug in comparison with the yield in the control variant: the Prikubanskoe apple variety (1852 trees/ha) 24.4 and 28.1 t/ha; the Idared apple variety (2469 trees/ha) 38.5 and 44.2 t/ha; t he Renet Kubansky apple variety (1852 trees/ha) 34.8 and 29.9 t/ha.
In this work, organic fertilizer OFA with its effect on the yield, quality of grapes and base wines is examined. The aim of the research was to establish the effect of foliar dressing with OFA organic fertilizer at a hectare rate of 1 l/200 l of water per yield, quality of Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes, as well as physicochemical parameters of base wines. The studies were carried out in FSUE PJSC Massandra, Southern Coast of Crimea in a grafted, fruit-bearing vineyard, with a high-trunk bush training spiral cordon AZOS-1, planting pattern 3.0 x 1.25 m. The control is without treatment. Foliar treatment was carried out three times in phenological growth stages: Before flowering, Two weeks after flowering, Formation and growing of berries. Records and observations were carried out according to methods generally accepted in viticulture. Physicochemical profiles were determined using liquid chromatography (Shimadzu LC20 Prominence). As a result of the research, it was found that foliar application of peat-based organic fertilizer in the vineyard is one of the most effective ways to increase the bunch weight, yield per bush and cropping capacity. This was reflected in an increase in the bunch weight by 28.3%, as well as yield per bush and cropping capacity by 38.1% and 37.5%, respectively. A positive response of plants on foliar dressing, reflected in an increase in potential photochemical activity of leaves by 11.6%, was established. At the same time, the content of sugars in berry juice decreased by 2.5 g/100 cm3 , while the values of titratable acids increased by 1.9 g/dm3 . The prevalence in acidic profile of malic acid over tartaric acid by 31.0% and 11.1% was established in experimental and control variants of base wines, respectively. It is noted that using of organic fertilizer OFA ensures obtaining of high quality base wines. Tasting assessment of base wines was 7.9 points, corresponding to the control sample assessment