Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The introduction of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies that ensure consistently high yields is one of the factors of sustainable development of the viticulture industry in Transdniestria. One of the elements of such technologies is the use of growth regulators. The aim of our research was to study the influence of growth regulators the structure of the cluster of grapes bunch of Vostorg and Talisman table varieties. The plants were treated twice: before flowering and during the period of berry growth. The following indicators were considered: the average mass of the bunch; weight and number of berries, including well-developed ones; ridge mass; percentage of berries and ridges; an indicator of the bunch`s structure, berry indicator. For the Vostorg and Talisman grape varieties, the growth regulators of gibberellin, mycephitus, zircon and epin-extra in the studied concentrations during double treatment contributed to an increase in the mass of the bunch and the number of berries, including well-developed ones. The use of these regulators led to a significant increase in the mass of the ridge, at the same time, the percentage of the mass of the ridge relative to the mass of the bunch decreased from 3.4 in the control to 2.3-3.0 in the experimental versions. The bunch`s structure indicator in all processing variants was higher than that in the control variant, but the berry indicator was lower. The highest values of the indicator of the bunch`s structure are noted when the use of the epin-extra. The lowest berry indicator of the Vostorg grape variety was noted when the treatment of plants with mycephitis, and the epin-extra when processing of Talisman. The effectiveness of growth regulators depended on the grape variety, as well as the preparation and its concentration.
Improving the adequacy of forecasts in solving agro-technological problems is carried out through the use of information technology. The empirical information about the object of study is formed by creating the simulation models using computers. In the process of solving the agrotechnological problems, it allows us to analyze the complex systems under the conditions of high dimensionality and incomplete information of their structure. Structured simulation systems include the files with an analytical description of the object, the blocks of expert assessments, simulation and processing of a calculation experiment results (of field experiment). The model relevance increases with the use of the network version of the datas set organized according to certain rules. The assessment of agrochemical factors of garden soil fertility on the effectiveness of soil resources using by perennial fruit plants, the dynamics of mineral elements and metabolites in the leaves is based on the methodology for collecting and analyzing the information using a database obtained in field experiments with fertilizer over the past decade. We have implemented the task of forming the database structure in accordance with the program for studying the effectiveness of fertilizer in the orchard. For storage and analytical processing using the microsoft office excel program, the results of observations, laboratory studies of soil and plants, and also weather data are formalized. The conceptual model of the database is presented, which consists of five blocks: the history of the experiment, the archive of meteorological data, the data of biological indexes and observations, the data of chemical soil analyzes, and the chemical composition of indicating organs (leaves) and fruits. A database structured by this way allows you to optimize the mathematical processing of digital material, as well as quantify the effect of fertilizers the productivity and functional activity of fruit crops, exercise the mathematical modeling, the dispersion and correlation and regression analysis.
The article presents the results of the influence of gibberellin seedless varieties of table grapes of AZOS breeding Lotus (early ripening); Zhemchug Anapa and Kishmish Rozovy AZOS (medium ripeining). Brief information is given how gibberellins are intensively used in viticulture, which affect the growth, development and productivity of plants, as well as the quality of seedless grape varieties. Data of phenological observations, the dynamics of generative organs growth on the phases of growth and development, the daily growth of a grape plant at different periods of development, taking into account the dose of gibberellin and the multiplicity of treatments. The effect of gibberellin on the appearance of bunches was established, the pattern according to the experimental variants was noted to increase in the color intensity with increasing the dose of gibberellin for the varieties of Lotus and Kishmish Rozovy AZOS. The same can be said about the berries shape of these varieties, with an increase in the dose of the drug, the berries were oblong. A direct effect of treatments on the sparseness of future bunches was revealed, this was especially manifested in the Lotus variety. The study tested 8 options of gibberellin using and 3 multiplicity treatments. The optimal concentration of the preparation and the multiplicity of treatments, using the method of dipping, for seedless table grape varieties breeding of AZOS are: for Lotus GK 1 ml / l of water three times (first treatment with GK 0.25 ml), Kishmish Rozovy AZOS GK 1 ml per liter of water twice, Zhemchug Anapa GK 0.25 ml / l of water three times, which increases in the potential yield of bushes to 16.2-46 %.
The improvement of the organization and planning of the field experiment with fertilizers is due to a significant expansion of the range of agrochemicals and insufficiently detailed reflecting of setting up experiments issues with the use of special fertilizers in the nursery that was set out in the Program and methodology of varietal studies of fruit, berry and nut crops. Moreover, a high level of intensification of the modern production technologies development is required to clarify the agrochemical aspects of laying stationary experiments and to increase the reliability of the experimental results obtained by using of high-quality planting material, new complex special fertilizers and biologically active substances. The author's novelty of the approaches to the formulation of experiments with fertilizer described in the article is due to the elements of the method tested for the first time when laying a stationary experiment in the second field of the nursery on apple seedlings of the Gala and Champion varieties. The stages of laying the experiment are defined by the site reconnaissance, soil and agrochemical survey with the use of generally accepted methods and GOST Standards, the principle of selecting accounting plants, and the development of a phytomonitoring program using modern mobile equipment. To identify the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing of plants in the nursery, the method of leaf analysis is proposed. The terms and quantity of selected plant samples are regulated. Analyses of plant material are carried out in accordance with generally accepted and original methods. It is recommended to store experimental data in an electronic journal for preliminary digital processing and statistical evaluation using the Microsoft Office Excel program. The form of the electronic journal depends on the volume information. For statistical evaluation of the results of the experiment with the number of repetitions no more than 4, the method of B.A. Dospekhov is recommended, which allows to use the data obtained in the experiment in a reasoned way, is recommended.
The article shows the results of studies on the effectiveness of the use of physiological active substances (FAS) for top dressing treatment of vegetative saplings for the formation and development of the root system of grapes. The purpose of this work is to reveal the fundamental possibility of obtaining the high-quality root-owning planting material from shortened cuttings of phyloxera tolerant grape varieties with a limited nutrition area using physiological active substances. Studies were carried out on promising grape varieties for the Republic of Dagestan, suitable for cultivation in the root own crop. The Agadai variety served as a control. It has been established that for phylloxera-tolerant technical grape varieties, when the top dressing application of FAS the indicators shown for the quality of native root planting material are achieved. The use of physiological active Substances by treating the leaf surface of grape sapling is more effective and more appropriate than the preplanting application of an auxin preparation. In particular, in the process of studying a promising technical variety of Pervenets Magarach for the Republic of Daghestan suitable for own roots cultivationit it is revealed that the optimal for obtaining root- owning planting material is a planting scheme of 20x10 cm with a cuttings length of 20 cm and when the treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of FAS when the shoots of 20-30 cm in length. The results of carried out research open the way for accelerated propagation of especially valuable phyloxera-tolerant grape varieties under the condition of limited genetic material and land resources.