Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The purpose of research is to define the efficiency of a new preparation of Antifreese with a complex of biologically active agents for decrease of stressful influence on plants of weather conditions and receiving of high-quality fruits production. The conducted research allows to optimize the mode of application of Antifreeze of a Natural Origin (ANO) on sweet cherry of Kavkazskaya variety. Under the conditions of abnormally hot spring the ANO preparation used in the form of not root feeding of plants in a phase of formation of buds and blooming flowers (for 50-60 %) promoted the increase of sweet cherry ovary for 11,2-19,8 % in comparison with control variant. The increase of sweet cherry mass at 21,6 % is the other effect. This effect had a positive impact on commodity qualities of production. It is established by biochemical research that Antifreeze of Natural Origin had positive impact on accumulation of soluble solids, sugars and organic acids in the fruits, their quantity increased on 4-5%. The increase in the content of vitamin C at 16% and strengthening of color intensity of sweet cherries on 5 %, that allowed to receive fruits with high biochemical indicators of quality, was observed. The conclusion follows that Antifreeze is an additional means to correct the accumulation of antioxidants, and it has a positively affect on improvement of biological and nutritional value of fruits and their consumer qualities.
It is known that by means of growth regulators of various physiological mechanism of action it is possible to directly regulate the processes of growth and fructification of fruit crops. The purpose of research is to define the degree of influence of gibberellin treatmtnt of sweet cherrys plants on fruit ovary, the increase of their size, the maintenance of biologically active elements and trees productivity. Gibberellin was applied on Cavkazkaya sweet cherry in the Precuban fruits zone of Krasnodar Region. Object of studying of gibberellin action on sweet cherrys plants are the flowers during mass blossoming and fruits during active growth and maturing. In the period of full maturity of fruits in the laboratory of storage and processing of NCRRIH&V the content of biologically active agents is defined. It is established that trees treatment of gibberellin during formation of fruits reduces their falling and promotes to formation of full ovary. Excess of quantity of well remained and developed fruits in comparison with control is 33%. Gibberellin in all options of experience promoted the acceleration of fruits maturing of sweet cherry in comparison with control option. It is allocated as the optimum the double processing of preparation on blossoming and ovary of sweet cherry, which authentically improved the biochemical fruits indicators. This processing increased the content of P-active agents on 50,8-63,4 mg / 100g and quantity of anthocyanes (374,6 mg / 100) in the fruits of sweet cherry.
Local use of mineral fertilizers with a fertigation of fruit plantings leads to essential change of agrichemical soil properties and formation in the soil of the centers of increased nutrients concentration. Therefore when we calculate the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agrichemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction. The purpose of research is to determine the change conformity to natural low of levels of an apple-tree providing with available nutrient elements in a zone of mineral fertilizers localization during a small-volume irrigation. The research were carried out under the conditions of unstable moistening of Krasnodar Region. The experience was started in the industrial apple-tree plantings on a dwarf M9 rootstock. The various norms of mineral fertilizers were introduced on the plots: fertigation norm of N30P4K20; fertigation norm of N45P6K30; fertigation norm of N60P8K40. It is found that increasing in norm of mineral fertilizers introduction led to increase in nutrient concentration in a zone of mineral fertilizer localization. It is determined that the local introduction of mineral fertilizers during fertigation on the plots with the increased background nutrient providing is irrationally. The optimization of conditions of the water and food modes during fertigation on the experimental plots promoted the increase in productivity of Champion apple-tree on 4,8-11,0 t/hectare and Prikubanskoye apple-trees - on 4,2-4,9 t/hectare. The conclusion follows that it is necessary to consider the change of absolute traits of agric and chemical soil properties in a zone of their local introduction when we calculate of the differentiated doses of use of mineral fertilizers. It will allow to correct the doses of their introduction taking into account the level of the soil providing of nutrient elements and will decrease in the environmental load.
The increase of anthropogenic load on the farmland soil is connected with process of production intensification. There is a need for accumulation and systematization of soil and agric-chemical indicators of lands under a garden monoculture. We researched the contents of macro- and microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) of a gray forest-steppe soil of a foothill zone of the Western Ciscaucasia in the fruit garden. Research are carried out by means of standard techniques and State standard specifications. The maintenance of mobile forms of microelements is defined in an extract of acetate-ammonium buffer, the definitions were carried out using the nuclear and emission spectrophotometer Optima 2100 DV. It is established that for the concrete water and thermal mode of the region, in the borders of a garden of landing 2012, the content of organic substance, exchanging cations and the indicators of soil solution acidity is typical for this subtype of chernozems. It is defined that the content and distribution of mobile forms of basic mineral elements in the garden soil are characterized by low supply of mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and average potassium ensuring, thus the maintenance of elements considerably decreases down a soil profile. The analysis of experimental data shows that the spreading of mobile forms of manganese and zinc in the garden borders considerably varies, the average indexes of content of copper mobile forms have the close values. The considerable distinctions within one horizon on different elements of a garden relief are revealed. Essential distinctions are shown in the content of water-soluble borum within the analyzed soil horizons, at close average values of the layers contents. Distribution of the mobile iron forms in the studied soil profile increases with depth, but there is a considerable variation of quantitative indicator's values within the soil horizons.
The role of chemical diagnostics of plants nutrition increases in connection with expansion of the range of the special complex mineral fertilizers used for foliar application. This fact assumes a continuation of system research in the field of identification of optimal parameters of the elements maintenance in the indicator plants organs in interrelation with productivity. We carried out the research directed on identification of dynamics and parameters of macro- and microelements content in the leaves of fruit-bearing apple-tree depending on a stage of individual plants development and constructional features of an agric cenosis. The object of research are an apple-tree of Prikubanskoye and Rennet Simirenko on M9 and CK4 rootstocks, with the different scheme of trees placement. Study of dynamics of an apple-tree nutritious mode was carried out using the standard techniques. The maintenance of microelements was determined using the nuclear and emission Optima 2100 DV spectrophotometer. It is established that for an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage the dynamics of the basic mineral elements maintenance is characterized by decrease in the indexes (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium) and reduction of their values range. During the second half of vegetation, when trees placement is more dense in a garden (4,5 x 0,9 m), the higher content of calcium, iron, manganese in the leaves was observed. For an apple-tree in the age period of fruitage, when trees food area reduces from 10 sq.m to 7,5 sq.m the high content in the leaves of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium is observed. The received experimental material will become a basis for establishment of interrelations in a system "soil perennial plant", and also for development of the differentiated system of an apple-tree fertilizer.