Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
Now in the connection with a solution of the problem of import substitution the gardeners of the South of Russia have a task to increase in volumes of fruits production. However the solution of this task is restrained by frequent manifestation of weather stressors, including the intensity of a temperature factor. The purpose of research is to prove by phisiological and biochemical methods the prospects and terms of boric acid use for increase in productivity of stone fruit crops in the years, various on weather conditions, including the manifestation of low temperatures during the winter and spring period. Sweet cherry varieties of Frantsis and Kavkazskaya on sweet cherry seedlings and plum varieties of Stenly and Prikubanskaya on cherry plum seedlings are studied. It is revealed the positive influence of boron on economic efficiency of Frantsis sweet cherry: the autumn and spring processings of trees of boric acid have provided the increase in productivity by 14-17%. The similar data have been obtained also when processing of plum. Autumn processing of plum trees by boric acid causes the increase in RNA content for 5-7% in the top buds of one year shoots. It is shown that under the conditions of the Southern Region of the Russian Federation the processing of sweet cherry and plum trees by boric acid in autumn and spring terms exerts the positive impact on generative activity of plants. Increase in productivity is provided due to increase in quantity of flowers on a tree (at autumn processing) and efficiency of fertilization (at spring processing). The positive influence of boric acid (processing in the spring) on preservation of viable pollen when temperature stressor action (spring frosts) is established. The various reaction of varieties to processing is revealed.
The article presents the results of study of ecological-physiological aspects of the influence of biological preparations on the growth and development of competitive plant production under the controlled conditions of hothouse with heating. The objects of research: the apple varieties of Grushovka Moskovskaya, Mechtatel'nitsa, Brusnichnoye, Bely Naliv on the rootstock of Ural 56. To carry out of the experiment we use the bio-organic preparations of "Mival-agro" and "Samorodovo". Preparations of new generation make active the processes of plant live ability, increase in productivity, improve the quality of agricultural production, strengthen the protective properties of plants, increase in stability to adverse conditions of cultivation - to sharp differences of temperatures, frosts, late frosts, to a heat and a drought, or opposite, to waterlogged soil and the insufficient sum of active temperatures. The results of the carried out research have shown, that processing by solutions of Mival-agro and Samorodovo renders the essential influence on formation and development of root system. They assist an increase in quantity of additional roots, their lengths and thickness. It is established that processing by studied preparations is effective, in all versions of experience the highest parameters of formation and development of root system on all researched varieties are received. The quality of apple planting material depends on the length of shoots. The treatment of plants by preparations significantly affected the growth and development of aboveground organs of seedlings. A significant difference of plants traits relative to the control is observed in the processing using solution of bio-fertilizers "Samorodovo". We came to the conclusion that the use of new generation preparations of Mival-agro and Samorodovo has a positive influence on the processes of formation and development of the root system, they help to activate the growth process of seedlings of the studied apple varieties grown under the controlled conditions, and it promotes the positive influence on the development and quality of seedlings.
The materials and results of use of new complex foreign fertilizer Greene Go 8-16-24+10CaO, not investigated early, for action on grapes plants are presented. The study of this matter is necessary for identification of new opportunities of control of saplings survival on a plantation and productivity of plants. With application of fertilizers it is possible to increase considerably the productivity and terms of operation of the plantings infected with a phylloxera. The purpose of research is to develop the ways of improvement of nutrition conditions in the process of laying of vineyards and their cultivation on chestnut soils in the Naursky District of the Chechen Republic. In an experience the grapes saplings of Rkatseteli which have the increased resistance to a root form of a phylloxera are used. The fertilizer of Greene Go was introduced in the doses from 10 to 30 kg/hectare. The highest survival of grapes saplings has been received in case of introduction of fertilizer in a dose of 15 kg/hectare - on average in three years of 98,6% or higher on 13,1%, than in control and 7,6% above N15P12K12 option. In case of reduction or increasing in a dose of fertilizer the effect considerably decreased. The entering into the soil of Greene Go in the dose of 15 kg/hectare has allowed to increase in intensity of development of grapes plants and their quality. The improvement of the nutritious mode of the soil has affected the productivity of grapes plantings, and for the fourth year of plant vegetation the productivity at the using of fertilizer (15 kg/hectare) was 72,01 c/hectare or above, than without application of fertilizers, on 18,67 c/hectare. We came to the conclusion that on chestnut soils to apply the fertilizer Greene Go 8-16-24+10CaO in a dose of 15 kg d.v./ hectare is the most effectively.
Now adays the increase in fruits production depends on application of advance technological methods, effective system of fruit-trees fertilizer and material and technical resources. The solution of the problem of increase in efficiency of fertilizer of pome crops providing the development of rational elements of fertilizer systems on the example of an apple-tree and assessment of expediency of their application in the intensive fruit plantings in the South of Ukraine was the purpose of this work. The research are carried out at the Melitopol Experimental Station of gardening named after M. F. Sidorenko on the basis of long field experiments (2003-2014). The influence of various doses, terms, ways, forms and ratios of micro and macro fertilizers on the nutritious mode of the soil, and also on physiological and biochemical and productional processes of apple-tree plants was studied. The yield count in experiences was carried out by a weight method according to instructions of Institute of gardening of Ukraine. The economic efficiency of fertilizers use was calculated according to technological charts and the certain recommendations, taking into consideration the actual expenses of production. The results of the long-term research carried out by us have shown the defining role of mineral fertilizers in increase in productivity of intensive pome orchards in the South of Ukraine. It is established that the use of fertilizers which doses are calculated on the basis of data of leaf diagnostics, and also a combination of soil nutrition with foliar top dressing are effective. Observance of these conditions provides a harvest increase at the level of 3-6 t/hectare and decrease in expenses of fertilizers by 25-60 % that compensates an excess of material and labor input on carrying out of these agric technique under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine.
Under the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine the annual plant saplings do not always provide the necessary quality indicators. One of the main reason of crown lack of plants is a weak biological ability to branch forming on the most varieties. The research (2013-2015) were carried out in the second nursery field "EF "Melitopol" according to the standard techniques using in the gardening. It is tested in the experience the efficiency of influence on branch forming of plum saplings of various concentration of Arbolin (1,5-3,5% or 15-35 ml for 1 litre of water) taking into account the nipping height of apical leaves of the central shoot (50-60; 70-80 cm). The research objects are the plum saplings of Sentyabr'skaya and the Oda with low ability to forming of branches. Assessment of efficiency of crown forming of plants, depending on the chosen regulations, was determined using the standard techniques of research in the horticulture. The greatest efficiency of crown forming of plum saplings when using 3,0 %-3,5 % concentration of preparation is established. Optimal height of top leaves nipping is 50-60 cm for the strongly growing varieties with more acute angles of deviation and 70-80 cm for the weakly growing varieties with wide angles of deviation. The plum saplings processed by arbolin of different concentration were below control group on average for 11,5-17,9%, irrespective of height of their nipping. No trunk width change was observed in the test varieties. The growth intensity of saplings in the experience substantially depended on potential capacity of varieties. The determination was made about positive influence of the selected stimulation regiments of plants branching on biological productivity and force of growth and output of standard annual plum saplings.