Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The main feature and principal essence of the current stage of agricultural production is the need to increase its efficiency in the face of the need to reduce the consumption of energy resources, while not reducing, but increasing in the productivity of cultivated crops. Today, one way to increase in the quantity and quality of grapes yield and produced wine from it is to apply foliar fertilizers and surfactants in the tank mixtures of pesticides that increase in their efficiency. This article outlines the results of a study conducted in 2015-2016 on the biological regulation as to the application of a liquid complex fertilizer Nutri-Fait PK and surfactant Spartan in the orchards of winemaking and table grapes varieties in the South Coast and South-Western viticultural regions of the Crimea. The preparations of interest were added to tank mixture of pesticides during the chemical treatment of grapevines in the following phases of grapes plants development: "before bloom"; "after bloom" and "closure of berries into clusters." The results obtained in the course of carried out research evidenced the positive impact of Nutri-Fait PK and Spartan preparations on the yield and quality of winemaking grapes variety of Cabernet Sauvignon and Kesha table variety. It was found that the three-stage spraying of the vineyards with the preparations under investigation significantly increases in the biomass buildup of the above-ground grapes bush parts (up to 22% as compared to standard). The grapes yield capacity increases the yields up to 9-12 %, as well increases in accumulation of sugar in the juice of the berries by 0,5-0,6 g/100 sm3, thus speeding up the ripening of the grapes in the conditions of the South Coast and South-Western Crimea.
The aim of this work was to study the effect of prospective in viticulture growth regulators on some morpho-anatomical and biochemical characteristics of grape berries to establish the prospects of their use for improving of transportability and keeping quality of grape products in case of prolonged storage. The novelty of our research is the fact that for the first time given a comprehensive assessment of the influence of growth regulators with different mechanisms of action on the stability of the grapes during transportation and storage is given and the mechanisms to improve the transportability and the keeping quality of grapes production under influence of the tested growth reg-ulators are identified. This article presents the results of studying of promising plant growth regulators influence the anatomical, morphological and biochemical parameters of berries of late ripening grapes varieties, cultivated in the soil-climatic conditions of Daghestan. Research work was carried out at the production-experimental base of Dagestan experimental breeding station of viticulture and horticulture (Derbent). It is revealed the increase of the mechanical firm of the berries, the thickness of the skin and its share in the composition of the berries, the reducing of the respiration rate and mass loss of the berries after harvesting and during storage of grapes. The mechanical properties of berries are improved by treatment with gibberellin and by a mixture dropp and mival. The combined use of gibberellin with dropp and mival enhances the effect of drugs and makes it the most effective. The results of our research showed that the application of growth regulators on seed table grapes to improve the mechanical properties of the berries and bunches are very promising. Studied in the experiment preparations are proposed to be included in the technologies of table grapes production, intended for transportation and prolonged storage.
The article presents the study of efficiency of special fertilizers in their tank mixtures with plant protection products. The research were carried out in the conditions of the western foothill subzone of the Krasnodar Territory on gray forest-steppe soils in the period 2016-2017. The object of study is the apple-tree of Aidared, Renet Simirenko, Golden Delicious varieties on the MM106 rootstock. The trees are planting in 2012. The productivity of apple trees was considered as the main criterion for the effectiveness of fertilizers in tank mixes evaluated in the experiment. For the preparation of tank mixtures next fertilizers are used: Aquarine 5 (18: 18: 18 + 2Mg + 1,5S), Aquarin 13 (13:41:13) and Aquarin 15 (3: 11: 38 + 3Mg + 9S). The introduction of fertilizers into the working solution of protective means was carried out in the main phenophases of the apple-tree development. The results of biological observations showed that in the process of complex application of plant protection means with fertilizers, the dropping of the ovary decreases: the number of preserved full-bodied ovaries in experimental apple plants increased in 1.2-3.0 % (2016) and 4.5-5.5 % (2017) in comparison with the variant without the addition of fertilizers in the working solution of the preparations. This indicator varied depending on the variety: the productivity of apple plants in the indicated variant of the experiment increased in 5.2-10.8 %. Yield capacity of apple-tree in the age-related "growth and fruitage" was 11-25 t/hectare. In addition, we studied the productivity of trees per square meter of the projection area of the crowns. It was found that when the complex application of fertilizers in a tank mixture with the plant protection means, this indicator was higher by 5.6-10.9 %.
Ukraine is one of the few countries that are on par with the most famous wine regions of France, so here it is possible to produce high-quality brands of wines valuable over the world. One of the reserves to increase in the yield and quality of viticulture products is the use of growth regulators. The purpose of this research was to study the influence of Biolan and Vympel growth regulators on the quality of grapes and wine materials of classic white Aligote and Rkatsiteli varieties. Experiments in Aligote plantings showed a significant influence the studied preparations on the yield and quality of grapes and wine. The increase in the mass of the bunch under the influence of the preparations led to a higher yield in the experimental variants, and the quality indicators also improved. The highest yield from the bush was obtained with the Biolan preparation (0.52 kg more control), the yield in this variant increased by 22%. The Vympel increased in the yield from the bush by 0.44 kg, and the yield by 18.7%. The Biolan increased the yield of Rkatsiteli by 26.3%, the Vympel increased this index by 25.5%. The acidity index of berries juice in both varieties of grapes when processing plants with Biolan and Vympel preparations was lower by 0.7-1.4 g / dm3 below the control. The economic analysis have showed the expediency of using of preparations Biolan and Vympel in the cultivation of white grapes varieties of Aligote and Rkatsiteli. The level of profitability in the case of using the Vympel preparation was higher.
Optimization of plant nutrition at the current stage is due to the expansion of the assortment of fertilizers, justification of the timing and dosage of their application. The activation of growth processes through a differentiated approach to the use of fertilizers is one of the effective methods that affect the yield of grafted grapes. The aim of the carried out study is to determine the effectiveness of foliar fertilizing with Microel, Raicat Start, Terraflex start, to determine the effect of foliar fertilizing on biometric indices of plant development and the yield of grafted grape seedlings. When setting up the experiment, a variant of foliar fertilizing of plants with Carbamide fertilizer (standard) was used. The control variant is cultivation without additional mineral nutrition. The objects of research were the grapes varieties of inter-species origin. The observations and study were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The efficiency of leaf dressings of grafted grapes in a nursery was studied. The main criteria determining the effectiveness of agricultural practices were biometric indicators of plant development and the yield of grafted standard seedlings. As a result of the research, it was established that the foliar fertilization of grafted plants at an early stage of development with the Microel fertilizer activates the growth processes and promotes the development of the leaf surface. Non-rooting fertilization of Terraflex start increase in the yield of grafted seedlings in the nursery. It is noted that the introduction of fertilizers is a rational and cost-effective method, since with this method the grape plant more fully use the macro- and microelements contained in the fertilizers. A comparative analysis of the data obtained by us allows us to conclude that it is necessary to use a complex of microelements in addition to macronutrients in the technological cycle for the production of grafted seedlings of grapes