Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
Important aspects of the vital activity of the root Poncirus trifoliate Raf. the main rootstock for the genus Citrus under the conditions of the subtropics of the Caucasus Black Sea coast are considered. The root system is not only an organ of absorption, excretion and metabolism, but also the interaction of underground and aboveground organs. The study of the power and nature of the structure of the root system, the depth of its infiltration into the soil is of great practical importance for characterizing soil fertility. The growth pattern of the above-ground and root systems of mandarin grafted on P. trifoliata should be taken into account at determining the area of plant nutrition during bedding. The root system of seedlings of Unshiu mandarin variety at the age of 1-2 years is characterized by specific features: primary roots have very few root hairs, the functions of which are performed by mycorrosis, which explains the need for aeration and hydration of the roots. The bulk of the roots of Unshiu mandarin seedlings on the P. trifoliata rootstock is located at a depth of 0-20 cm, and a smaller part at a depth of 20-40 cm. Most often, the root is interpreted as an organ that receives water with elements of mineral nutrition. However, the study of root systems makes it possible to develop agrotechnical methods of influencing on plants. The absorptive activity of the citrus root is given special attention due to the absence of root hairs, which are replaced by mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is a complex symbiosis of trifoliate roots and fungal mycelium. Over the years of evolution, their interaction has become necessary for each other. Therefore, the improvement of the soil environment in the root habitat zone is favorable for the growth and generative processes of citrus plants.
The paper summarizes the results of studies on the effect of micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum on the biological and economic indicators of grapevine. Foliar dressing with micro-fertilizer of Kunlean grapevine variety plants was carried out in the following vegetative stages: before flowering; the next two top-dressings 15 days after the previous one. Foliar dressing with micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum has shown its biological effectiveness, having a positive effect on the formation of berries in bunches, contributing to an increase in their mass and quantity. Significantly higher bunch weight, compared with the control, have been proven for variants with fertilizing rates of 0.6 kg/ha and 0.8 kg/ha, which resulted in a significant increase in plantation yield capacity up to 18 %. The positive effect of the agrochemical with water-soluble ferrum also affected the quality of the harvest. The mass concentration of sugars increased (22.4-22.8 g/100 cm3 ) in variants with different fertilizer application rates compared to the control variant. These indicators in plants of Kunlean variety were standard for varietal conditions. A close linear relationship between the micro-fertilizer consumption rate and the yield capacity value is demonstrated by the approximation of the obtained experimental data, which confirms that with an increase in the micro-fertilizer consumption rate, the yield also increases. The positive effect of micro-fertilizers with consumption rates of 0.6 and 0.8 kg/ha on the increase of sugar content in berry juice is confirmed by a close polynomial relationship between these values. The use of micro-fertilizers did not have a significant role in the acidity of berry juice. The recommended rate of application of micro-fertilizer with water-soluble ferrum to obtain an increase in yield with improved quality properties is 0.6 kg/ha.
At the moment, there are no systematic scientific conclusions in Russia about the mechanisms of the impact of preparations of various forms of non-root action on the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from plots of different levels of fertility. The article presents the results of many years of research on the study of the effect of non-root preparations of different composition and system of action on the grape plant. The main attention, along with the yield capacity, was paid to the quality and organoleptic value of wine products from poor soil areas during the study of the technical grape variety Chardonnay. The objects of research were grapes and wine of Chardonnay variety from variants of treatment with non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Filloton, Agrumax). The experiment of studying the effect of foliar dressings on the productivity of a grape plant and the quality of wine was established in the Anapa region on vine plantations grafted onto a Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock planted in 2006 according to a 3x1.5 m scheme, the formation was a bilateral cordon Kazenava. Research results 2019-2021 showed that the treatment of grape bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied foliar preparations had a positive effect on the yield capacity and technological qualities of grapes of the Chardonnay variety. The best result in terms of yield capaciry was given by the variants treated with Agrumax and Gumel Lux 9.7 and 9.4 kg/plant, respectively. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be wine materials from variants with treatment of Gumel Lux and Phylloton, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the variant of wine material from grapes treated with Gumel Lux proved to be the best.
In 2016-2022, the effectiveness of the systematic use of foliar treatments of Merlot and Chardonnay grape varieties with aqueous solutions of biomineral preparations was investigated in the conditions of the Black Sea zone of the Gelendzhik subzone of the Krasnodar region. The modernness of the research is due to the innovative composition of the preparations used, which are an energy reserve for plants, combining the properties of an inducer of immunity and a source of mineral nutrition. The research methodology is focused on solving the practical problem of optimizing the nutritional regime and stabilizing the functional state of the grape plant, which determine the weight and quality of the crop. In this regard, the solution of scientific and practical tasks was carried out using the biological method (single-factor field experiment), as well as measuring and weighing, biometric, laboratory, comparative calculation methods. The effectiveness of systemic use of biomineral preparations in ampelocenosis by a foliar method was evaluated according to the criteria: the load of the bush with fruiting shoots, the number of inflorescences per bush, the functional state of plants, seasonal dynamics of shoot growth, bunch weight, yield capacity, qualitative characteristics of the yield, economic component. It was found that systematically applied preparations contributed to an increase in the number of fruiting shoots per bush in the Merlot variety by 11-28 % in 2018-2021 and in the Chardonnay variety by 4-16% in 2016-2021 in comparison with the control variant (without foliar application). The number of buds with the highest productivity against the background of foliar treatments of plants was higher by 4.2-5.3%. The tendency to exceed the number of inflorescences per bush persisted in plants throughout the study period. A decrease in fruit cast by 5-7 % was revealed. There was an increase in the content of physiologically active substances in the leaves of shoots. The analysis of the dynamics of grape yield capacity allowed us to consider the reception of foliar treatment as a way to realize the potential productivity of plants in unstable environmental conditions. The mass of the bunch annually exceeded the values of the indicator in the control variant by 2.3-16.5% (Merlot grape variety) and 3.8-21.9% (Chardonnay grape variety). The sugar content of berry juice was higher by 1.5-2.7 g/100 cm3.
The article presents the results of studying the effect of gibberellin on the formation of grape berries of seedless varieties of AZESV&W breeding in order to develop technological parameters of its application. The research was carried out on kishmish grape varieties Lotos, Zhemchug Anapa, Kishmish Rozovyi AZOS in agroecological conditions of the Black Sea zone of Southern Russia. The scheme of the experiment included options for using gibberellin twice and three times in the phases of grape vegetation: budding (5-7 days before flowering), pollination and fertilization (mass flowering), post-fertilization (10 days after flowering). The treatment was carried out manually with full immersion of inflorescences in a container with a solution of gibberellin 0.5-1 liter per bush, depending on the strength of the bush and the growth phase, dosages: 0.25 ml., 0.5 ml., 0.75 ml., 1 ml per liter of water. It was found that the double use of gibberellin leads to the desired quality of grapes, both according to consumer preferences an increase in the size of berries, a decrease in the average weight of rudiments of seeds in the berry, and according to technological requirements an increase in the average weight of the pulp and skin. The repeated use of GA, starting from the budding phase, increases the likelihood of undesirable effects, leads to shedding and different quality of the ovaries, pea berries up to 37 % in the Lotos variety, up to 25 % in the Kishmish Rozovyi AZOS variety, Zhemchug Anapa variety up to 12 %. It has been established that the optimal use of gibberellin on seedless grape varieties of the AZES breeding is a double treatment with a GA solution with a concentration of 0.75 ml per liter of water during the mass flowering phase with an interval of 10 days.