Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The article presents the results of the research of the physiological effect of stimulant influence on the morphometric parameters of the introduced promising ornamental types under the Southern Ural condi-tions. The research have shown the expediency of using of Zircon and Ribav-Extra preparations as rooting stimulants of green cuttings of studied ornamental species. After treatment of green cuttings before planting the output of standard sapling of Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' was within 73,9-78,9 %, the output of Cotoneaster lucidus sapling was 65,8-76,0%. The highest percentage of cuttings with an extensive root system was observed with Zircon using. Output of standard Rosa rugosa sapling is 96,5%, the output of Potentilla alba 88,4% and Aronia melanocarpa sapling output is 72,5%. The research of seasonal development of uterine plants allow you to determine the periods of the most intense metabolic activity and the enzymes activation, as well as the optimal term of green cutting under the conditions of Southern Ural (on the of the Orenburg Region). Based on degree of rooting capability 2 groups of species were identified: easy rooting group (Rosa rugosa, Potentilla alba, Ber-beris thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' root formation occurs at the same time, accompanied by the active energy of the buds awakening and shoots growing) and a group having an average degree of rooting (Aronia melanocarpa , Cotoneaster lucidus root formation has a longer period, shoot growth is less active than that in the first group). Based on the study of stimulants effect on morphological indicators of introduced promising species of ornamental plants it was proved that the stimulants of Zircon and Ribav-Extra have had a positive effect on the rooting, growth, development and quality of sapling of ornamental species.
The fertilizers significant by effect the vital functions, harvest and grapes quality. Microfertilizers and growth regulators influence the growth of shoots, laying of fruit organs, leaves mass of bushes and a harvest of grapes. These indicators allow to predict the orchards productivity. The purpose of research is to reveal the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition with use of PoliMiks-Agro preparation the growth processes of Moldova table grapes, the laying and differentiation of embryonic inflorescences, resistance of plants to a drought, productivity and quality of berries juice in the conditions of Anapa-Taman zone of wine growing. The PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer has applicated before blossoming and during active growth of berries and in two weeks before maturing of grapes. It is established that fertilizers have positively affected the shoot's productivity, the fruitfulness of bushes of Moldova grapes increased for 3-15 % The ratio of the connected and free water in the plant tissues is an indicator of plant resistance to dehydration, and consequently, also its adaptability under the water stress conditions. The biggest ratio of the connected and free water in the leaves the option with triple processing of grapes plants is characterized. The reliable changes of orchards productivity under the influence of PoliMiks-Agro are established. In comparison with control the harvest increase from fertilizers effect has made 2,4-3,8 t/hectare. The harvest increase is maximum when fertilizers are using in the norm of 2 liter/hectare. The research has shown that under the influence of microfertilizers the sugar content in the berries juice have increased and acidity of juice have decreased. The best indicators of sugar content of Moldova grapes were when processing of PoliMiks-Agro fertilizer in three time, on 1 liter/hectare.
The influence of leaves dressing by the preparations containing in composition of melamine acid salt (Melafen) and silicon (Siliplant-u) has been studied. Their positive influence adaptability of basic plants to conditions of basic nursery placed on the sandy massif of the Ust-Donetsky territory of the Ros-tov Region is established. Processing of parent bushes leaves by these preparations considerably improved their growth indicators, promoted the high-quality changing of morphological parameters of plants development and vine maturing, increased in water-retaining ability of leaves. The greatest effect was noted in the options of application of the Melafen preparation. The application of this preparation promoted the reliable increase in a shoot length and growth of a bush. In this option is noted the increase in the area of one leaf and total area of a parent plant leaves, also is noted the improvement of the majority parameters of plants maturing. The use of the microfertilizer containing silicon (Siliplant-U) available to plants in the composition also on the majority of the studied indexes gave a stable positive effect in comparison with a control option. It is established that not root processings considerably influence water-retaining ability of the leaves. In a process of vegetation the values of this parameter in all options of experience considerably change. The leaves have the highest water-retaining ability at the beginning of vegetation (in May), and the least ability the leaves have in the end of vegetation (October). Content of nonvolatile solids in the leaves (% to water), on the contrary, during vegetation increases, and the content of water at the same time respectively falls. Throughout vegetation the best water-retaining ability of leaves was marked out most often in an option with combined use of a complex mineral fertilizer and elafen preparation.
The basis of modern technologies of cultivation of fruit and berry crops are the physiological and biological regularities of plants development. This circumstance assumes the development of the high-quality technologies providing the steadily high productivity of fruit orchards. In this regard the most important direction of scientific research in a nursery keeping is studying and an assessment of efficiency of plants growth stimulators and the organic-mineral fertilizers and antistressants. It was a main task of our work. The research was carried out with a gooseberry for revival of this valuable crop. The rooting of gooseberry varieties in a nursery was carried out on the basis of LLC EPF of K.A. Timeryazev in the Ust-Labinsk district of Krasnodar Region. The field methods of research of plants growth and development indexes and mathematic-statistic techniques of processing of the obtained data were used in the work. The carried out statistic analysis has shown a considerable specific reaction of the studied gooseberry genotypes on not root top dressing by various organic and mineral fertilizers, such as Raykat development, Aminokat, and of IAA stimulator of growth and root creation. The carried out research have re-vealed also the various extent of influence of IAA growth factor and the organic and mineral fertilizers the efficiency of reproduction of gooseberry varieties in the nursery by method of horizontal layers. The data of the three-factorial dispersive analysis of dynamics of growth and development of gooseberry layers, when processing uterine plants, by the preparations studied in an experiment, the influence of prep arations such indicators as quantity of plant roots and total length of roots have proved. The efficiency of use of the studied preparations in the nursery and degree on their influence the development of gooseberry varieties are revealed
Industrial lands of hazelnut need protection from water erosion, so the new plantation must use the technology with protection against erosion. Thanks to well developed root system and the longevity the hazelnut plants are used for reducing water erosion of soils, and consolidation of slopes. Biological features of hazelnut is the ability to form numerous stem, which is an important element in the formation of erosion protective orchards. We have been carried out the experience to create a new design of hazelnuts orchards, providing the high yielding and organization of stem over year. In the experience we used domestic hazelnut variety of native breeding Cherkesskiy 2. The field and laboratory methods are used in research, as well as the methodology and program of fruit, nut and berry crops breeding. Over 10 years of research the productivity of hazelnuts, when stem were preserved in the lower half-meter of the area, was higher by 52.3% than one in the control (standard formation of intensive type), and by 62.5 % more than at the standard formation of type "Tatura", and by 2.6 times more in comparison with the cultivation system of hazelnuts by bushes. This advantage is achieved due to the greater mass of nuts and their amount. We made conclusion, that the design of erosion control of hazelnuts orchards is very promising from a position higher (by 2 time) yields of high quality nuts. This orchard construction is a big resource to prevent a soil erosion, to increase in fertility, to suppress weeds, to provide a mechanized harvesting, to reduce in the cost for removing of stem and it delivers more than twice the increase in economic indicators of nuts production.