Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The degree of laying and development of embryonic fertility in the overwintering central buds depends on the grape variety, its genetic characteristics and ecological and geographical origin. The purpose of our research was to study the influence of growth regulators on the laying of embryo inflorescences along the length of the annual shoot of the Solaris, Bianka, and Pervenets Magarach grape varieties. Treatment by gibberellin and micefit was carried out twice in three concentrations of 1.10 and 100 mg / l: before flowering and during post-fertilization. On the basis of the data obtained, the coefficients of fruiting (K1), fruitfullness (K2), and productivity (Kp) of the central overwintering buds along the length and three buds levels of the annual shoot were calculated. It was determined that treatment of Solaris variety by gibberellin stimulated an increase in the fruiting coefficient at the 5th level. When applying micefit at a concentration of 10 mg / l in both periods of treatment, the maximum value of this indicator was noted at the level of the 6th (1.74) and 4th (2.03) nodes, respectively. In Bianca variety the use of micefit in a lower concentration during both treatment periods increases in the fruiting coefficient at the level of the 9-10th node (1.68-1.70). The use of tested growth regulators led to an increase in productivity coefficient. Its maximum value was determined in the treatment option during the post-fertilization period of the Solaris variety by micefit (10 mg / l) at the level of the 4-7th node (1.21), which is 1.5 times higher than in the control. In the variety Pervenets Magarach the best value of the productivity coefficient was noted in the variant of treatment by micefitin of a lower concentration. The use of growth regulators of gibberellin and micefit in the tested concentrations allows to reveal more the biocapacity of the embryonic fruiting of the overwintering buds of each studied grape variety.
The use of gibberellin in the technology of table grape cultivation in the most countries of the world is a mandatory agrotechnical technique, which lead to significant changes in the morphological and mechanical properties of bunches, increases in the yield and change in the quality of berries. The article shows the results of the effect of the preparation containing gibberellic acid the economic and technological properties of table kishmish grapes of Anapa selection Lotus, Zhemchug Anapa, Kishmish Rozovy AZOS. The GIBRELIN was used under study a growth regulator based on gibberellic acid to stimulate and improve the ovary, thin the bunch, increase in the yield and quality of grapes.The liquid form allows you to quickly and accurately apply the preparation, even in separate dosages. The content of gibberellic acid in the pure form of the preparation is 1.8 g per 100 g of solvent. In the phase of grape berry maturation, it was determined yield per bush, the average mass of bunches, berries in bunch and ridges, the mass of 100 berries, and the bunch structure index was calculated. As a result of treatment with gibberellin, the mass of the ridges increased in all the studied varieties, and it led to decrease in the bunch`s structure index. The use of growth regulator have led to the formation of larger berries and, accordingly, to smaller their number per bunch weight, as a result, the berry index decreased also. The use of gibberellin (GA) in the pure form for the local kishmish grape plants positive affects their economic and technological properties, changing the bunch`s structure and thereby expanding the direction of grape use. A more optimal structure of bunches was revealed for two-time treatments: the Lotus variety with a dosage of 1 ml of GA, Zhemchug Anapa 0.25 ml of GA, and Kishmish Rozovy AZOS 0.5 ml of GA.
It is suggested that the effect of drugs as chemical substances with physiological activity at the molecular and cellular levels may be identical or similar for animal and plant organisms due to common targets of drugs, in particular, such as ion channels and enzymes. Research on the search for substances whose use at a certain critical stage of organogenesis of generative organs of a particular seed grape variety can induce embryo abortion and seedless berries without negatively affecting the conducting system of the grape comb, the degree of lignification of the comb, and the shedding of seedless berries is of relevance. An important condition and requirement for these drugs should be the environmental and biomedical safety of their use. The purpose of research is to screen physiologically active substances of pharm phytohormonal activity and are promising for use in viticulture. The research was carried out on the plantations of grapes Closed Joint-Stock Company them Sh. Aliyev (2004-2005) of the Republic of Daghestan and experimental basis of DSTSVH branch NCFSCHVW (2017-2019). The object of research the generative grape organs of Agadai and Moldova varieties, which occupies a large area in the Republic of Daghestan. The influence of pharmacological preparations isolated at the stage of virtual screening on the development of ovary elements when used at the stage of pollination (blossoming) and post-fertilization (7 days after mass blossoming) was studied. The standard was classical growth regulators with different mechanisms of action analogs of phytohormones. Screening and initial assessment of the pharmacological drugs effect of various classes the generative grape organs were carried out. A stimulating effect the weight of berries was found levamisole (+11%), dibazole (+18 %), mercazolil (+32%), methyluracil (+41 %) and ranitidine (+60%) during post- fertilization treatment. Treatment by pyrantel and nifedipine of inflorescences at the stage of pollination reduces the number of seeds and their weight in the berries, which leads to increasing a seed index of Agadai variety by 2.5 times Nifedipin increases in seed index Moldova variety by 1.5 times. Pharmacological preparations can be promising for use in the technology for obtaining the seedless berries, speeding up the beginning of crop maturation, increasing in the yield and quality of seed grapes without adversely affecting the commercial value, environmental and biomedical safety of products.
Now, there is no systematic scientific knowledge about the mechanisms of specific agrochemical preparations influence the qualitative and quantitative indicators of grapes and wine products obtained from areas with high rockiness, salinity and low level of soil fertility. The article presents the results of studies on the influence of various non-root products the quality and biological value of wine products from infertile soil. The objects of research were grapes of varying degrees of bush suppression and Chardonnay wine with treatment of non-root preparations (Gumel Lux, Phylloton, Agrumax). The experience of studying the influence of foliar top dressing the productivity of a grape plant and the wine quality was laid in the Anapa Region on grape plantings grafted on Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB rootstock, 2006 planting, scheme of a 3x1.5, formation of two-armed cordon Cazenava. The results of studies in 2019 showed that the treatment of bushes growing on conditionally suitable soil with the studied non-root preparations had a positive effect on the yield and technological quality of Chardonnay grapes. Variants of normally developed bushes treated with Agrumax and Phylloton 9.2 and 8.1 kg/bush, respectively, showed the best yield results. The most extractive in the experiment proved to be the wine materials with bush`s treatment of Gumel Lux, which affected the taste of these samples. In terms of organoleptic parameters, in the year of the study, the wine material from grapes processed with the Gumel Lux proved to be the best. In the experiment, there is a tendency to increase the organoleptic evaluation of white wine as the concentration of malic acid decreases. So, wine materials from Gumel Lux processing grapes were most highly rated, where the amount of malic acid was minimal 2.1-2.2 g / dm3.
The article presents the results of field experiments to study the effect of double treatment of plants with growth regulators like gibberellin, mycephite, zircon, HB-101 the weight of the bunch, the number of berries in the bunch, the yield and sugar content in the juice of the berries of the Citrine table grape variety in the years differing in temperature and humidity conditions in the period rom sap flow to harvest. Phenological observations and agrobiological surveys were carried out according to the method of M.V. Melkonyan and V.A. Volynkin. Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient was used to assess the moisture content on the phases of grape vegetation. During the years of research, significant differences were noted in moisture supply in the main phases of grape development and insignificant in the sum of active temperatures. The research results showed that in the conditions of Pridnestrovie, the mass of a bunch of the Citrine table grapes variety is determined both by the conditions of the year and by the influence of growth regulators. The use of gibberellin, mycephyte, zircon and HB-101 reduced the adverse effect of precipitation during blossoming and led to a significant increase in the number of berries in a bunch, contributed to a decrease in the number of pea-berry in a bunch during drought in the period of growth and ripening phases. Under conditions of a higher moisture supply during the ripening period of berries, growth regulators did not have a noticeable effect the sugar content in the juice of berries; under arid conditions, the sugar content of the juice of berries in the experimental plants was higher than in the control plants. Mycephite contributed to a significant increase in the mass of a grape bunch, both in arid and more humid conditions, as a result of which the yield increased by 12.2 and 7.7 t / ha, or 88 and 53%, respectively, in comparison with the control.