Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Mineral nutrition of plants
The fertilizers have a significant impact on the activization of the over ground part of the plant, harvest and grapes quality. Micro fertilizers and growth regulators have influence on the growth of shoots, the laying of fruit formations in the overwintering buds and the leaf formation of bushes. These indicators are interrelated and allow to predict the productivity of plantings. The purpose of the research is to reveal the regularities of changes in the growth processes, the productivity and the quality of products under the influence of the different modes of mineral nutrition. The research are carried out in the agric ecological viticulture zone of the Black Sea of Krasnodar Region for Riesling technical varieties. Methodology of carried out scientific work included the placing of field one factor's experience with various options for application of "Polimiks-agro" fertilizer. The positive influence of not-root nutrition of fertilizer "Polimiks-agro" on growth processes, productivity, and quality of the Riesling grapes is established. In the field experience the number of shoots and one-year shoots growth and number of inflorescences are increased, the quality of grapes bunches is improved. On the treated bushes the color of leaves is intensive green, the lack of nutrients was not observed. It is shown the improvement of quality of the berries juice. Sugar content in the experience options is higher than in a control on 3.1-5.3 g/100 cm3 with decreasing acidity on 0.4-1.0 g/dm3. The reliable yield change under the influence of the "PoliMiks-agro" is established. The use of fertilizer has increased the productivity of Riesling grapes in all options of experience. The most outstanding options were released with the triple application of "PoliMiks-agro" in a dose of 2 l/hectare and with the use of "PoliMiks-agro" according to the sheme of 2: 1: 2 l/ hectare. The grapes harvest increases in these options of experiment on 4.0 and 3.1 t/ha or 36.4% and 28.2%, respectively.
The article presents the results of research of the influence of the new water-soluble foliar fertilizers as Atlant Plus, Nutrivant Plus, Kelik potassium-silicon and complex of microelements (KM) - B, Mn and Zn on agrobiological and technological characteristics of the technical grapes variety of Chardonnay. Research were carried out in the AF CGC "Primorskoye" of the Temryuk District. The experimental setup consisted 5 options: no treatment (control); Atlant Plus - 2 kg / ha; Nutrivant Plus - 1 kg / ha; Kelik potassium-silicon - 3 kg / ha; microelements (In, Zn, Mn) - 600 g / ha. The consumption rate of the working fluid is 500 l / ha. During the growing season the foliar application was carried out in three terms: after flowering, in the growth phase of berries (berry of a pea) and in the beginning of berries ripening. It was found that foliar fertilizing of vines by all tested fertilizers has led to some increase in weight of the bunch and the significant increase in yield from the bush on 4,3-6,5%. Kelik potassium-silicon contributed to an increase in safety factor and fruiting buds, Nutrivant Plus - factor of fruiting, and Atlant Plus and KM - the coefficient of fruitfulness and the number of fruit-bearing buds at least two buds. The use of fertilizers led to a significant increase in the sugar content in the juice of berries and to some reduction in the content of titratable acids. The highest content of chlorophyll (a + b), and the amount of carotene and pigments have appeared in the versions of "Atlanta Plus" and "Kelik potassium-silicon", in which the berries have the highest sugar content. Application of Nutrivant Plus and Atlant Plus helped to improve the quality of wine materials. The highest estimate was provided by foliar fertilizing of bushes by complex of micro elements (boron, manganese, zinc).
When forming the quality of strawberry berries one of important elements is the use of the fertilizers capable to protect the plants from external influences and to purposefully regulate their growth and development. In this work it is presented the results of use not root feeding by liquid complex fertilizer with micro elements of "Alga Mix B Mg" for different phases of development of strawberry plants of Onda for control of harvest formation and a chemical composition of berries. As a result of the carried out research the positive influence of the complex fertilizer on strawberry productivity is established: the number of flowers exceeded control for 2,3%, the number of developed berries - for 23% with increase in average mass of berries by 15%. It allow you to receive a harvest on 5,8 t/hectare higher. The use of not root feeding of strawberry by complex fertilizer of "Alga Mix B Mg" has allowed to improve the quality of berries: the content of soluble solids and sugars increased on 2,3%, vitamin C - on 41,1%. It is shown the improvement of tastes of strawberry berries under the influence of non root feeding due increasing in content of sugars and decrease in acidity. The strengthening of intensity of berries color connected with increase in quantity of anthocyan pigments for 13,8% favorably affects the commodity and consumer qualities of strawberry, and also the acceleration of berries maturing (for 3-4 days) demonstrates. The results of the carried out research show that by means of not root top dressing by complex fertilizer of "Alga Mix B Mg" possibly to increase in productivity, commodity qualities, nutrition and biological value of strawberry berries.
The results of research of efficiency of system use of organic and mineral fertilizer of domestic production "Universalnoe" of prolonged action and annual leef feeding by Akvarin special fertilizers of various brands in the apple fructifying plantings of Prikubanskoye and Aydared varieties on M9 rootstock are presented in the article. In an experiment the standard methodical instructions for carrying out research in the long experiences with fertilizers were used. In fifth year experience after intra soil introduction of the "Universalnoe" fertilizer of prolonged action have been fixed the essential excess of content in the garden soil of mobile forms of the basic mineral elements in comparison with control option (without fertilizers). It is shown that the changing of the soil chemical indicators have been connected with nature of localization of fertilizer of prolonged action. The traits of localization were observed at a soil depth of 0-40/45 cm. In the leaves of shoots of the studied apple-tree varieties is noted the increase in content of nitrogen on 3-7 % and the content of potassium exceeded an indicator of control option on 7-18 %. The increase in the content of mineral elements in the leaves was followed by increase in activity of assimilation processes of apple-tree plants. It is shown that the conditions of mineral food of an apple-tree created by means of fertilizer system have been provided the higher level of soil fertility for realization of reproductive potential of apple-tree varieties of Aydared and Prikubanskoye. The economic effect in relation to control option was expressed in the receiving of additional net income from use of fertilizers of 18,4-58,7 thousand rub/hectare, and profitability level when use of fertilizers made 92-270,5 %.
For regulation of productional processes of fruit crops through the optimization of the mineral soil mode there is urgent a choice of effective methods of diagnostics of plants nutrition on the basis of experiences with fertilizers which will allow you to give a complex assessment of quality of fruit-trees nutrition in certain phases of their growth and development. As a result there is an opportunity to influence quickly on realization of productional potential of fruit plants. The purpose of these research were the establishment of ranges of optimal values of the main parameters in the "soil - fruit - tree" system which will provide the optimization of process of fruit trees nutrition and the maximal manifestation of their potential. As a result of the research carried out by us it is established that the level of accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil and the intensity of their receipt in the plants of apple-tree and pear-tree depend on changes of NPK content due to application of fertilizers, and also on the hydrothermal mode of the soil. The optimal ranges of content and ratio of NPK in the soil and leaves of apple-tree and pear-tree for activation of their productional processes are specified. It is shown that for productivity formation in the fruit plantings of the studied crops not lower than 30 t/hectare, the necessary level of P2O5 content in the soil are 35÷46 mg/kg and the content of nitrogen and potassium in the leaves are 1,8÷2,2 % and 0,35÷0,60 % respectively, NPK ratio in the leaves is 4,6-5,7: 1: 1,1-2,3. The possibility of use of advanced methods of plants and soil diagnostics for development of scientifically reasonable rational systems for mineral fertilizers introduction in the orchards of the South of Ukraine is proved.