Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
In connection with climate change, it is necessary to improve the assortment of grapes adapted to the conditions of the south of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify physiological and biochemical indicators associated with the formation of protective reactions of various grape varieties to the effect of summer stressors; to identify adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region on the basis of them. Adaptive resistance of grapes to high temperatures was achieved by increasing the content of bound water and proline. It was found that the indicator of the ratio of bound water to free water, which determines the resistance to drought in the varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Kristall, Zarif, is higher than in other studied varieties and was 5.23-5.24 by the end of summer. The varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Aligote showed the maximum amounts of proline (52.41-66.14 μg/g raw weight), involved in the implementation of stress-protective mechanisms. Adaptive changes in water-soluble proteins and sugars played a decisive role in the formation of high-temperature stability in summer. A minimal decrease in the content of soluble proteins (by 1.3 times) during the summer was noted in the Dostoynyi and Kristall varieties, indicating their high adaptive ability. The unstable Aligote variety showed a maximum decrease in the content of soluble proteins by the end of summer (3.4 times). The Zarif variety showed the smallest changes in the content of soluble sugars (a decrease of 1.3 times), indicating increased adaptation to arid conditions. It was found that the induction of protective adaptive mechanisms is more pronounced in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, which proved to be more adaptive in comparison with other studied varieties in the conditions of the summer period 2019-2020.
Jasmonic acid and its methyl ester exhibit various physiological and biochemical effects in a wide range of plant cellular processes. However, there is no reliable available method for determining their mass concentration in complex biological objects. The objects of research were fresh leaves of Hibiscus rosa-chinensis, Sansevieria, Juglans regia L., Morus, Vítis. The aim of the research was to improve the analytical method for the quantitative determination of the mass concentration of jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate, to develop the conditions for preparing samples for analysis. To carry out the work, a capillary ion electrophoretic analyzer "Kapel 104T", a gas chromatograph "Kristall 2000M", a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer GC-MS Perkin Elmer Clarus 600T were used. The approbation of the method of capillary electrophoresis and capillary gas chromatography for the quantitative determination of methyl jasmonate was carried out. The unsuitability of the method of capillary electrophoresis for the direct determination of methyl jasmont was established, and the possibility of determining methyl jasmonate after extraction with hexane by capillary gas chromatography was shown. An increased dosage of the hexane extract sample into the chromatograph was applied, which made it possible to achieve the required level of analysis sensitivity. Application of GC-MS method for identification of methyl jasmonate in hexane extract of leaves with a sensitivity threshold of 0.01 mg/dm3 is shown. The conditions of hydrolysis of plant samples exposure time and concentration of potassium alkali were found experimentally. For the subsequent quantitative determination of jasmonic acid, the method of capillary electrophoresis was used; an electrolyte based on boric acid was used. The completeness of hydrolysis of jasmonic acid esters was tested on solutions of methyl jasmonate. Data on the content of methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid in biological objects were obtained.
The results of studies of biometric indicators and features of the development of the root system of various graft-rootstock combinations of the Stenley plum variety in the foothill zone of the Krasnodar region on overwetting floodplain soils are presented. It was revealed that the main parameters of alluvial-meadow heavy loamy soils leading to a decrease in productivity and inhibition of plum plants are the presence of layers with heavy granulometric composition in the soil profile, which are characterized by very low filtration capacity. These conditions contribute to the prolonged stagnation of excess moisture in the root layer of the soil, which leads to a decrease in productivity, inhibition and premature death of plants. Also, the established low level of soil fertility of the experimental site leads to a decrease in the productivity of plum plants. Under these conditions, the inhibition of plum trees manifests itself to varying degrees, depending on the rootstock. Plum plants on the rootstock of PK SK-2 were found to be the most resistant to periodic prolonged overwetting of soil root layer. The greatest increases of the vegetative part were noted on these trees, in leveled areas and a lower percentage of plant death in areas with less satisfactory water-air regime of soils (depressions, swales). The stability of trees on this rootstock is due to the peculiarity of the placement of potentially active roots in the soil. Studies have shown that the plum on the PK SK-2 rootstock has the main part (more than 60 %) of potentially active roots concentrated in a layer of 0-40 cm. On the AP-1 rootstock, potentially active roots are evenly distributed between the soil layers of 0-40 cm and 40-80 cm, and after heavy precipitation, when the soil is saturated with moisture below the level of 40 cm, more than half of the potentially active roots are in unfavorable conditions.
The problem of grapes adaptive stability in unstable climatic conditions in the important region of grape cultivation - the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, is relevant. The purpose of this work is to conduct comparative studies of grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin on the dynamics of the content of starch and water-soluble sugars in the conditions of the autumn-winter period, to identify winterhard varieties according to this indicator. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control Euro-Amur-American origin; Krasnostop AZOS, Dostoynyi Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern European origin; Aligote Western European origin. Adaptive rearrangements of carbohydrate metabolism arising in response to unstable climatic conditions of the autumn-winter period of 2020-2021 are revealed. It was found that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Zarif, the accumulation of starch played an important role in the adaptation processes during overwintering, its content decreased by 10, 38, 9.63 and 8.75 times, respectively. It is shown that in the varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Aligote, water-soluble sugars played an important role in resistance to winter stress conditions, the content of which in the buds increased by 1.2-1.5 times after low-temperature exposure. An important role of the osmoprotector of sucrose in the formation of a protective response in varieties Dostoynyi and Vostorg was revealed, the content of which in the buds and shoots increased by 4.8-6.3 times after the action of low temperatures. According to the results of studies of the content of starch and soluble sugars, it was revealed that Dostoynyi variety has the greatest potential for resistance to winter stresses; Vostorg variety stood out as the most adaptive in terms of the content of water-soluble sugars, including sucrose.
The article presents the results of studying the graft-rootstock combinations of domestic plum: Kubanskaya rannyaya, Renklod Altana, Velikaya sinyaya, Volgogradskaya, Bogatyrskaya, Zainap, Ispolinskaya, Berbank, Anna Shpet, Anzhelina, in the extremely arid Conditions of the Astrakhan region, Grafted onto medium-sized clonal Rootstocks VVA-1 and Evrika-99. According to climatic conditions, the study area belongs to a highly arid zone with an aridity coefficient of 0.11 ... 0.31 and is the most continental and arid part of the European territory of Russia, characterized by limited moisture, a high probability of dry years and high air temperatures. The absolute annual amplitude of air temperature is 70-80 ºC. There is very little annual precipitation 250-260 mm per year. Against the background of very high evaporation, the moisture coefficient has very low values: 0.25-0.27. Summers are long and dry; winters are cold and have little snow. A sharp transition f rom an inclement winter to a hot summer, a lack of precipitation, and frequent droughts are a climatic feature of the region. The study of the water-holding capacity of domestic plum varieties in the specific climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region is timely and relevant. As a result of a comparative study of domestic plum varieties in terms of water-holding capacity of leaves in the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region, drought-resistant varieties were identified that are most adapted to the conditions of the region. The Bogatyrskaya variety has a good water-holding capacity on the VVA1 rootstock, the water loss after withering was 56.3 %, on the Evrika-99 rootstock the water loss of the Ispolinskaya variety after withering was 60.6 %. The Zainap variety is characterized by low resistance to stressors of the summer period, the water content of which was 42.7 %.