Fruit growing
and viticulture of South Russia
Physiology and biochemistry of plants
The search for reliable methods for assessing the resistance of grape varieties to heat and drought is relevant in connection with the increasing climate instability in the Anapo-Taman viticulture zone. The purpose of the work is to conduct electrophoretic separation of peroxidases in polyacrylamide gel in the leaves of various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to heat and drought. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS Euro-American origin; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. It was established that the qualitative and quantitative composition of peroxidase isoforms changed during the summer and had a varietal feature. In June, 4-6 isoforms were isolated for each particular variety, in August 2-4 isoforms. The Kristall variety stood out for its especially high resistance to heat and drought during the summer, both in the field and under the influence of artificial high-temperature and water stresses. This was achieved due to the multiple isoform composition of peroxidases and the constancy of their composition in response to stress. Varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, are highlighted as highly resistant to heat throughout the summer. The heat resistance of varieties Krasnostop, Aligote, Zarif changed during the summer period. In relation to drought, the varieties Kristall, Dostoynyi, Vostorg showed high resistance in early and mid-summer. According to the appearance and disappearance of peroxidase isoforms, the drought resistance of varieties Dostoynyi, Vostorg, Krasnostop AZOS changed during the summer. Aligote and Zarif varieties during the summer period stood out as not drought-resistant. The obtained data can be used as diagnostic criteria for assessing the degree of heat and drought resistance of grape varieties in different months of the summer period in the conditions of the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region for breeding purposes.
Most of the widespread grape varieties belonging to the European species Vitis vinifera L. are not highly resistant to environmental stress factors. On the contrary, American species are characterized by immunity to many pathogenic organisms, and are also able to grow under the influence of various abiotic stresses. Thus, the use of scion-rootstock combinations, where resistant varieties of American grape species act as a rootstock, makes it possible to increase the production and adaptation potential of a more susceptible scion. This work presents the results of a three-year study of the influence of scion-rootstock combinations of grapes on the resistance of grape plants to abiotic stress factors in the summer period in the conditions of the North-Western Ciscaucasia. Two varieties Kishmish vengerskiy and Kishmish luchistyi were studied on rootstocks Ferkal and Paulsen, as well as own-rooted plants. To assess the adaptive potential of grapes, the physiological and biochemical parameters of the leaves were analyzed, namely, the water regime, chlorophyll content and the level of electrolyte leakage. The weather conditions were obtained from a stationary weather station in the grape growing zone. The results showed that the scion-rootstock combinations Kishmish vengerskiy - Paulsen and Kishmish luchistyi - Paulsen are characterized by the highest values of the water and chlorophyll content in the leaves. The weather conditions of the summer period during three years were characterized by the presence of extremely high air temperatures and insufficient amount of moisture compared to long-term averages. To such conditions, the grafted forms of varieties Kishmish luchistyy and Kishmish vengerskiy proved to be the most adapted than own-rooted control plants. The obtained data allow to conclude that it is expedient to use the Paulsen rootstock for Kishmish luchistyy and Kishmish vengerskiy varieties in the conditions of the North-Western Ciscaucasia in order to increase the adaptive potential of these varieties to the stress factors of the summer period.
A necessary condition for identifying the most adaptive grape genotypes in unstable climatic conditions of the winter period is the constant monitoring of metabolic processes in the vine in response to changing climatic factors. The purpose of the work is to analyze the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the vine under the influence of winter stress factors, to identify the most adaptive varieties for cultivation in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The objects of research are grape varieties of various ecological and geographical origin: Kristall (control) Euro-Amur-American origin; Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS intraspecific origin Vitis vinifera L; Vostorg Amur-American origin; Zarif Eastern origin; Aligote Western European origin. By generally accepted physiological and biochemical methods, it was established that starch hydrolysis began in December with its transformation into soluble sugars, which perform an important cryoprotective function. In January, the content of sugars continued to increase, while that of starch continued to decrease. The maximum degree of starch hydrolysis was found in the Kristall and Vostorg varieties a decrease of 3.19 and 2.04 times, and the maximum ccumulation of starch in the pre-winter period was found in the Krasnostop AZOS variety 8.12 mg/g dry weight. An increased content of sugars in the pre-winter period was found in Krasnostop AZOS variety 9.21 mg/g dry weight in comparison with other studied varieties. Vostorg and Kristall variety had the highest increase in sugar content 3.5 and 2.28 times. Anthocyanins showed their protective function to the maximum in Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties. After artificial freezing of shoots of Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties, the content of ions in the extract from the cells of the cortex increased slightly: potassium by 1.04 times, calcium by 1.01-1.03 times. In terms of the content of starch, sugars, anthocyanins, potassium and calcium ions, the Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS and Vostorg varieties showed the greatest potential for resistance to low temperatures in the winter of 2021-2023 in comparison with other studied varieties.
Summarizing the results of research in the field of regulatory mechanisms of drought resistance in grapes for substantiate approaches to eliminating the impact of stress factors and minimizing their detrimental effects is the aim of this analytical review. There are considered the overall conceptions about the responses of grape plants against drought stress, as well as issues of genetic control, distribution of dry matter and secondary metabolism under water deficit conditions, influence of complex stresses on plants, genotypic determination of drought tolerance and significance of grape rootstocks in plant adaptation to drought. The adaptation system of grapes to water deficit is a complex set of specific genes that regulate various pathways associated with protection against stress. Understanding the differences in drought tolerance between existing genotypes creates the background for the development of new drought-resistant varieties. A comprehensive characterization of a number of physiological and biochemical properties makes it possible to evaluate grape genotypes for drought resistance. The study of the principles of coordination between biotic and abiotic responses against stress is becoming increasingly important. The use of drought-resistant rootstocks is an important strategy for adapting to water deficit conditions. Coordination between scion and rootstock is carried out to regulate water use by plants. The application of biotechnological approaches is recommended in order to eliminate the main biotic and abiotic stress factors for grapes. In vitro experiments using polyethylene glycol to simulate drought appear promising. The conducted investigations of grapes in water deficit conditions provided valuable information for further scientific research. The identified regulation mechanisms of plant homeostasis are to be used in the development of modern breeding strategies to increase the resistance of grapes against drought.
Monitoring of the key metabolite, the amino acid proline, in the grape plant is necessary to study the physiological mechanisms underlying the adaptive reactions of grapes in a changing climate. The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics of the content of free proline in various grape varieties, to identify varieties with increased resistance to low temperatures. The objects of research are grape varieties of various genetic origin: Kristall (control), Dostoynyi, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. The content of proline was determined by capillary electrophoresis on a Kapel 104R device according to a technique based on obtaining an electrophoregram using direct detection of the absorbing components of the sample. In January-February, the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg had an increased content of proline in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif. In the shoots of the varieties Kristall,, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, it was 7.38-8.26 ΅g/g fresh weight; in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif 4.12-5.16 ΅g/g fresh weight. In the buds of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the content of proline was 7.92-9.21 ΅g/g fresh weight, in Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif 4.57-5.90 ΅g/g fresh weight. After artificial freezing in the shoots of the varieties Kristall, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, the proline content increased by 1.13-1.23 times, in other studied varieties it almost did not change. It has been shown that proline plays a significant role in the implementation of the stressprotective reactions of grapes to low temperatures. It has been established that according to the dynamics of the free proline content, the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg are more resistant to low temperatures in comparison with the varieties Dostoynyi, Aligote, Zarif.